BCE 200,000 - The wild Aurochs (cow) was a chief form of food until the farming communities of the late Iron Age destroyed its habitat. The last wild animal died in a zoo in AD 1625.
BCE 45,000 - The Neanderthal cave bear cult appeared.
BCE 43,000 - Mutant humans born between the Caspian Sea and the Indian Ocean developed speech. The variety of modern humans evolved from their breeding with Neanderthals and other groups of early humans.
BCE 40,000 - Paleolithic hunters at Moldova in southern Russia erected a circular tent within a ring of mammoth bones.
BCE 33,000 - Paleolithic people in the area of present-day France carved lunar calendars into bones and stones.
BCE 30,000 - A rough oval-shaped tent was erected within a ring of mammoth tusks in the Yonne Valley of France.
BCE 30,000 - Highly sophisticated drawings and paintings of animals were made on the walls of the Chauvet cave of the Ardèche region in southern France.
BCE 18,000 - The Côa valley in Portugal was home to Paleolithic artists.
BCE 15,000 – Cave Paintings from the Dusheh cave in Iran, depict humans riding horses.
BCE 15,000 - Paleolithic artists decorated Escoura Cave near Evora in southern Portugal.
BCE 15,000 - Javelin throwers became popular in Europe because hunters could throw light javelins much farther than heavy spears.
BCE 12,000-10,000 - A strong fishing culture began to develop around Denmark. The sea level rose from 360 ft (110 m) below present levels to 130 ft (40 m) below present level.
BCE 10,000 - Wild dogs were being domesticated by Paleolithic hunters.
BCE 10,000 - The bow and arrow began to replace the javelin thrower because of its greater range and accuracy.
BCE 10,000 - Climatic changes and hunting caused the extinction of the cave bear and the Irish elk.
BCE 9000 - The Neolithic or New Stone Age culture began to evolve in the Middle East.
BCE 9000-5000 - The Libyan culture began to evolve from the Capsian culture as they moved northwards in North Africa.
BCE 8850 - Proto-Neolithic gazelle hunters of Palestine lived in oval or circular huts approximately 25 ft (8 m) in diameter. The walls, which started below ground level, were plastered and painted.
BCE 8700 - Proto-Neolithic herders in Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq began to domesticate goats and sheep.
BCE 8600 - The proto-Neolithic gardeners of Jericho, Palestine built an urban community of mud-brick dwellings for their 2000 inhabitants, surrounded by walls to protect them from the local herders. Defensive towers were added later.
BCE 8300 - The Ice Age came to an end in Europe and the glaciers began to retreat. The ocean level was 250 ft (75 m) below present level.
BCE 8000 - Linen was being woven in present-day Iraq.
BCE 8000 - The mean temperature of Scotland increased by 2ºC (4º F).
BCE 7500 - There were approximately 10,000 humans living on the island of Britain.
BCE 7000 - A proto-Neolithic settlement of wooden dwellings was built at Mountsandel in Ireland.
BCE 7000 - A proto-Neolithic settlement was constructed at Hacilar in Turkey. The buildings were made with sun-dried mud bricks, and the inner walls and floor were plastered, painted and burnished.
BCE 7000 - A 25 ft (7.5 m) circular dwelling was constructed at Grampian, Scotland by Neolithic hunters.
BCE 6800 - The oldest known true Neolithic farming community was settled at Catalhuyuk, Turkey with a population of 5000. The walls of their homes were made of adobe brick and the insides were covered in paintings similar to Paleolithic cave art.
BCE 6500 - Ceramic ware was developed for everyday use by artisans of the eastern Mediterranean region.
BCE 6000 - The chicken was domesticated in China, allowing the daily collecting of eggs.
BCE 6000 - The Copper Age of Iraq began in the valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.
BCE 6000 - Neolithic farmers from Turkey spread to the lower Balkans.
BCE 6000 - Neolithic farmers settled in Scotland where the temperature was warm and the soil was fertile.
BCE 6000 - Neolithic artisans of Mersin and Hacilar in Turkey began to decorate their pottery with paint.
BCE 6th millenium - The world began to experience long hot summers and short mild winters. The meltwater from the retreating glaciers eventually brought the sea level up to 65 ft (20 m) below present level. Large areas of land were flooded while others sank without a trace. When the weight of the glaciers was reduced, the land experienced rebound effects, causing earthquakes.
BCE 5500 - A large tract of land in southwestern Wales called the Cantrer Gwaelod oak forest sank beneath the sea.
BCE 5500 - Artisans in parts of Bulgaria, Romania, and Yugoslavia entered a Chalcolithic Age by cold-hammering surface copper into shapes.
BCE 5000 - The artisans of Catal Huyuk in Turkey used iron-ore pigment to enhance the color of their pottery.
BCE 5000 - European skeletons found in a mound near present-day Boston, Massachusetts were amino acid dated to this time.
BCE 5th millenium - Neolithic farmers from Turkey established themselves in the Danube valley where they developed the Danubian slash-and-burn farming method.
BCE 5th millenium - Neolithic people in Bulgaria were working gold.
BCE 5th-2nd millenium - People of the Megalithic culture built giant stone structures as they developed the science of applied geometry.
BCE 4500 - The Megalithic stone circles of Long Meg and her daughters were built in the Eden Valley in Cumbria, England.
BCE 4500 - The Megalithic site of Carnac, Brittany was constructed using Pythagorean right-angle triangle calculations.
BCE 4500 - Neolithic herders of the Ukraine steppes were taming wild horses.
BCE 4500 - Megalithic burial sites were constructed in the Upper Alentejo region of Portugal.
BCE 4500 - A stone building was constructed off the coast of France on the island of Guernsey.
BCE 4500 - The Danubian culture was established across northern Europe from western Ukraine to northern France.
BCE 4400 - Neolithic dairy herders from present-day Iraq migrated into Europe and North Africa.
BCE 4241 - A solar calendar was constructed in Egypt.
BCE 4100 - Beer-drinking was popular in the Neolithic communities of Iraq.
BCE 4000 - Iraq experienced a great flood which may have given rise to the Deluge of the Gilgamesh Epic of Babylonian literature.
BCE 4000 - The presence of domesticated grapes in Iraq suggests that the inhabitants may have been enjoyin drinking wine.
BCE 4000 - The Sumerians of southern Iraq invented the ox-pulled plow.
BCE 4000 - Artisans of Iraq developed the potter's wheel and bred woolly sheep.
BCE 4000 - A cast bronze rod in Syria was made with a content of 89.9% copper and 9.1% tin, similar to modern-day bronze.
BCE 4000 - The impressive Maes Howe megalithic chamber was built on Orkney Island for the communal burial of its settlers.
BCE 4th millenium - Cave tombs with skylit chambers were being constructed at Grutas de Alapraia near Cascais in Portugal.
BCE 4th millenium - People in southern Portugal were using animal-drawn wheeled vehicles.
BCE 4th millenium - The Ertebolle-Ellerbek culture was born in northern Europe when the indigenous Neolithic hunter-fishers mixed with the incoming Danubian farmers.
BCE 3800 - Neolithic cattle herders built their dwellings on an extinct volcano in Wales.
BCE 3700 - The cairn was constructed at Carrowmore Megalithic Cemetery in Ireland.
BCE 3600 - Sumerian scholars of Iraq invented a script and the decimal system. At the same time, bureaucrats developed the concept of taxation.
BCE 3600 - Flint was being mined at Cissbury Ring in Sussex, England.
BCE 3600 - Neolithic farmers were living on Orkney Island at Knap of Howar.
BCE 3500 - A hillfort with hut circles was in use at Knockadoon in Lough Gur, Ireland, south of Limerick.
BCE 3500 - The megalithic construction of Windmill Hill in England was initiated.
BCE 3500 - Artisans of the Sumerian culture in Iraq discovered the concept of the solid wheel.
BCE 3500 - People of the Harappan culture constructed two cities of mud-dried bricks at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus Valley of Pakistan.
BCE 3500 - Harps of wood were being constructed in the city of Ur in Iraq.
BCE 3500 - Neolithic farmers of the Danubian culture established themselves in Wales.
BCE 3500-2300 - The semi-nomadic Chalcolithic herders of the Kurgan culture migrated from the Ukraine-Russian steppes through the Balkans to northern France, Britain, Ireland and southern Scandinavia. The Kurgans spread the use of Aryan language, Vedic religion, domesticated horses and wheeled vehicles. This cultural migration laid the foundations of the powerful Celtic and Germanic cultures that were to follow.
BCE 3400 - The Neolithic Bell Beaker People were settled in Aremorica.
BCE 3400 - People of the Megalithic culture constructed the Poulnabrone portal dolmen at Galway in Ireland.
BCE 3300 - Construction began on the megalithic Avebury henge in Wiltshire, England with the placement of 100 sarsen stones.
BCE 3300 - The Megalithic culture began construction on New Grange in Ireland.
BCE 3200 - Neolithic Bell Beaker people were already established in present-day Netherlands.
BCE 3200 - Upper and Lower Egypt were emerging as independent entities, and hieroglyphic writing and papyrus were being developed.
BCE 3100-2800 - The Bell Beaker People began construction on Stonehenge in England.
BCE 3000 - A composite bow made from antlers, leather and sinew appeared in the Lena valley of Siberia.
BCE 3000 - The Sumerian culture of Iraq began its Bronze Age.
BCE 3000 - The first dynasty of Egypt was established by Sumerians from Iraq.
BCE 3000 - Yamnaya Horse warriors crossed the Caucasus and went through the Balkan Peninsula into Europe. They brought knowledge of bronze, horses, solid wheels, the Aryan language and the Vedic religion.
BCE 3000 - Scholars in Iraq developed written records, and merchants sold goods from a widespread foreign trade.
BCE 3000 - The wild burrow was being domesticated in the Nile Valley, allowing traders to pack more goods overland.
BCE 3000 - Neolithic Ligurian lake dwellers were living in established settlements on piles in Bodensee, Switzerland.
BCE 3000 - The mild winters of the Plessur valley of Switzerland made it a popular place to settle.
BCE 3000 - The crab-apple was being cultivated in Switzerland and Britain.
BCE 3000 - The Carreg Sampson dolmen was constructed near Abercastle, Wales.
BCE 3000 - The Neolithic settlement of Skara Brae in Scotland was inhabited.
BCE 3000 - The Giant's Ring dolmen was constructed south of Belfast in Northern Ireland.
BCE 3000-2200 - The Copper Age of western Europe began when the Almerians from one of the eastern Mediterranean cultures set up industrial towns at Los Millares (Spain) and Vila Nova de São Pedro (Portugal).
BCE 3000-2000 - Musicans of the Megalith culture in Scotland were playing on reed pipes similar to those used in Egypt.
BCE 3rd millenium - The megalithic stone circle called Castle Rigg was constructed in England.
BCE 3rd millenium - The village of Prasklice in the Czech republic was occupied by people of the Unetice Culture.
BCE 3rd millenium - The proto-Belgae culture began to develop from the local Neolithic and the incoming Nordic stock.
BCE 3rd millenium - The Chalcolithic fortified sites of Castro do Zambujal and Cerro do Castelo de Santa Justa of Portugal were established by the Almerians.
BCE 3rd millenium - The Dacian-Getae culture was born on the Balkan Peninsula out of the Neolithic community and the nomadic Kurgan culture from Ukraine-Russia.
BCE 2900 - The first ziggurat was built at ancient Ur in Iraq.
BCE 2900 - The stepped pyramid of Egypt was under construction.
BCE 2900 - Massive flooding occurred in the Mediterranean as the result of a rising sea level caused by a warming climate. The ocean level was 16 ft (5 m) above the present level, its highest level.
BCE 2800 - The Sumerian musicians from the city of Ur in present-day Iraq were playing on reed pipes and lyres. Verses of the songs were notated in cuneiform script. Musicians were sometimes sacrificed with their instruments in the tombs of their chieftains.
BCE 2800 - The Bronze Age was evolving in the Aegean area of Turkey.
BCE 2700 - A Megalithic burial chamber on Mainland, Orkney was built to align with the sun at winter solstice.
BCE 2600 - Stonehenge was expanded and refined to aid astronomical observations.
BCE 2500 - Bronze Age people were living in the Wemyss (caves) near Dysart in Fife, Scotland.
BCE 2500 - The drying climate was causing the Sahara region of north Africa to evolve into a desert.
BCE 2500 - An impressive round cairn was constructed at Camster in the Caithness region of Scotland.
BCE 2500 - A megalithic passage grave with a beehive chamber and alignment to summer solstice was constructed at Carrowkeel, Ireland.
BCE 2500 - A clochan (beehive hut) complex was constructed in Boussargues, southern France.
BCE 2500 - Mummification was being practiced as a burial ritual in Egypt.
BCE 2400 - The Bronze Age Akkadian Empire under Sargon acquired control of north and south Iraq. A shortage of tin forced them to acquire the precious metal from Cornwall and other sites west of the Mediterranean.
BCE 2400 - A temple to the sun god Ra was under construction at Abu Ghurab in Egypt.
BCE 2400 - The Akkadian army developed the phalanx formation and initiated the use of the chariot in battle.
BCE 2300 - Horse warriors of the Aryan-speaking Yamnaya culture used their fast-moving spoke-wheeled chariots to conquer eastern Turkey and Syria, developing the Hittite empire.
BCE 2300 - The Bell Beaker culture of Portugal spread the Copper Age from Portugal to Spain, Algeria, Sicily, Sardinia, France, Germany, Czech, Denmark and Ireland.
BCE 2300 - The Battle Axe culture which had evolved in northern Europe had already migrated into the Aremorica region of France.
BCE 2300 - The megalithic site of Stonehenge was altered again.
BCE 2200 - A disintergrating climate caused movement among northern Semites in the Persian Gulf. Some resettled along the Mediterranean coast of Syria and Lebanon, where they became known as the Phoenicians, famous for their extensive sea trade with foreign cultures.
BCE 2200 - A Bronze Age site was established at Unetice in Czech, marking the beginning of the Bronze Age in continental Europe with the Unetice culture.
BCE 2200 - The megalithic passage grave called the Mound of the Hostages was built at Tara in county Meath in Ireland.
BCE 2200 - A large wooden palisade was constructed at Mount Pleasant in Dorset, England. Its gate-posts were made from trees that were 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter.
BCE 2145 - Construction began on Silbury Hill in Wiltshire, England.
BCE 2100 - Warriors of the Yamnaya culture in Turkey developed the chariot blitzkrieg as a form of warfare.
BCE 2100 - The Torc Bearer culture was established in Ugarit, Syria and Byblos, Lebanon.
BCE 21st century - Probable time of the "Noah's Flood" of Judaeo-Christian mythology.
BCE 21st century - The Amazon chieftain Cessair fled from the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and landed in Ireland with 50 female warriors and 3 males.
BCE 21st century - Gomer, son of Iafeth, led Goidel warriors from the Black Sea across Europe the north Sea.
BCE 2091-1580 - The Hyksos, using archers and chariots, invaded the Nile delta, made Avaris their capital and ruled Egypt for 500.
BCE 2000 - The proto-Illyrian culture began to develop from a fusion of the Danubian and the Yamnaya cultures on the Balkan Peninsula.
BCE 2000 - The Urnfield culture was evolving in the area of Hungary-Romania.
BCE 2000 - Warriors of the newly-developing Goidel culture settled around the Firth of Forth in Scotland, York in northern England and Wiltshire in southern England.
BCE 2000 - The zigguarat called the "Tower of Babel" (Gates of God) was built at Birs Nimrud at Borsippa old Babylon on the Euphrates river.
BCE 2000 - Special beaker mugs for drinking mead were being made in Britain.
BCE 2000 - Alpine lake villages in Switzerland of the Ligurian culture were cultivating grains, growing flax for linen, raising domesticated animals and using stone tools.
BCE 2000 - A settlement at Jarlshof on the Shetland Islands in Scotland had use of bronze tools.
BCE 2000 - The legendary King Minos built his residence at Knossos in Crete.
BCE 2000 - The Thorhouse Stone Circle megalith was built in Dumfries, Scotland.
BCE 2000 - The domesticated chicken was common in the Indus Valley.
BCE 2000 - The Harappan civilization of the Indian suBCEontinent began to decline because of worsening climatic conditions, the spread of malaria and the appearance of Yamnaya chariot warriors.
BCE 2000-1800 - Assyrian merchants in Kanesh, Turkey placed their clay documents inside sealed clay envelopes with a summary of the contents written on the outside.
BCE 2nd millenium - The Ligurians had settled as far north as Bohemia, west to the coast of France and south to the Mediterranean from Italy to southern Spain and Portugal.
BCE 2nd millenium - The industrial town of El Argar in southern Spain, already known for its gold and silver, came under the influence of the Ligurians and a bronze industry known as the Argaric culture began.
BCE 2nd millenium - Most of Europe passed from the Neolithic Age to the use of copper and bronze.
BCE 20th century - The Goidel druid Nel was invited to Egypt and there Gaedhal Glas was born.
BCE 1900 - The Babylonian empire emerged in present-day Iraq between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.
BCE 1900 - The emerging Assyria was a dependent of Babylon.
BCE 1900 - The Mycenaeans were trading gold, silver and bronze products, glass faience beads and amber between the North, Baltic and Aegean seas.
BCE 19th century - Partholon and his followers landed and settled in Ireland.
BCE 19th century - The Bell Beaker people were adding 10% tin to their copper.
BCE 19th century - Nemhedh and his followers arrived in Ireland.
BCE 1850 - The Assyrian Empire extended its influence to the Mediterranean coast of Syria.
BCE 1850 - Britain joined the Bronze Age.
BCE 1800 - Earthquakes in Asia Minor and Europe were the cause of considerable movement of cultures.
BCE 1800 - The Torc Bearers entered Europe from Syria and Lebanon, bringing their knowledge of the smelting and working of copper and influencing the Unetice culture of Czech.
BCE 1800 - Tribal people of the Sinai peninsula in Egypt developed an alphabet.
BCE 1800 - Hattusha (Boghaz Keui) on the Anatolian plateau in Turkey was made the capital of the Hittite empire (Anatolian civilization) and iron began to be used.
BCE 1800 - The first Suez Canal was cut to link the Mediterranean and the Red Sea by connecting a series of lakes.
BCE 1800 - Bell Beaker People settled on the Isle of Man.
BCE 1800 - A rare iron leaf-shaped spearhead was possessed by the builders of the Egyptian pyramids.
BCE 1800-1600 - A type of all-wood plow was being used in Hvorslev, Denmark.
BCE 1800-1200 - Highland cattle herder-warriors of the Unetice-Tumulus cultures began to appear in western Europe, Britain and Ireland carrying bronze weapons.
BCE 18th century - The Hittites conquered Syria.
BCE 1757 - A Syrian royal residence of 260 rooms covering 34 acres (14 hectares) was destroyed by the Babylonians.
BCE 1700 - The Nordic Bronze Age people developed a textile-for-copper trade with the Stone Age Amerindians of North America. During this millenium, 500 million (metric) pounds of copper were mined and disappeared from the Lake Superior area of North America.
BCE 17th century -
Warriors of the Firbolg culture arrived in Ireland.
BCE 17th-16th
century - The Aegean island of Santorini (Thera) erupted causing a 35 to 150 m (115 to 490 ft) high tsunami and sending massive amounts of pumice ash into
the air and falling to earth causing drifts to 23’ deep.
BCE 1600 - Chariot warriors of the Yamnaya culture carrying iron weapons crossed the Pamirs and conquered the Indus Valley in Pakistan. They brought with them many of the hymms that made up the Rig-Veda.
BCE 1600-1500 - The Wessex culture was involved in the reconstruction of Stonehenge.
BCE 1600-1100 - The Mycenaean culture dominated the southern and eastern part of present-day Greece.
BCE 16th century - Brath, son of Death, led Goidel warriors from the Crimean Peninsula overland to Spain where they captured land in Galicia.
BCE 16th century - Golamh, son of Bile, led
Goidel warriors from the India to Egypt to fight in
the war that drove the Hykos from Egypt. He was married t Scota a daughter of the Egyptian pharaoh
BCE 16th century - The Danann began to arrived in Ireland, coming from the north of the world.
BCE 1580-1546 - Pharaoh Aahmes (Ahmose/Amasis) founded the 18th dynasty of Egypt and drove out the Hyksos.
BCE 1560 - A megalithic calendar ring was built on Mainland Island, Orkney, in Scotland using 60 standing stones placed 6 degrees apart.
BCE 1500 - The chicken was domesticated in the Middle East.
BCE 1500 - Volcanoes and earthquakes were causing tidal waves and hurricanes, affecting European tribal movements.
BCE 1500 - A circular hillfort was built on Greenan Mountain in Donegal, Ireland.
BCE 1500 - The city of Babylon in Iraq began to use iron building clamps to bind its stone walls together.
BCE 1500 - The Hittites took advantage of the rich iron ore deposits of Anatolia and began mass-producing iron weapons. The process of working iron was a highly-guarded secret.
BCE 1500 - The tumulus became the popular method of burial in Europe.
BCE 1500-1200 - The Yamnaya Vedic scholars of the Indus Valley invented the concept of zero.
BCE 15th century - The Syrians included chickens in their tribute to the Egyptian Pharaoh Tuthmosis III.
BCE 15th century - Brochs with chambers and stairwells within the walls were being constructed on the island of Sardinia.
BCE 15th century - People at Wandlebury Ring (Troy) near Cambridge, England were using glass objects imported from the eastern Mediterranean.
BCE 15th century - The Gaelic-speaking Goidel (Milesian) invaded Ireland from Spain and defeated the Danann at the battle of Taillcenn.
BCE 15th century - Warriors of the Pictish culture sailed from Thrace to Wexford Bay in Ireland.
BCE 15th century - The Pictish chieftain Cruithnechan led his followers from Ireland to Scotland.
BCE 15th-12th century - Warriors of the Tumulus-Urnfield cultures raided into the Near East and were sometimes referred to as the Sea People by the Egyptians.
BCE 15th-13th century - Warriors of the Tumulus-Urnfield cultures travelled from Turkey across Europe where they settled mainly in Germany, Switzerland and France.
BCE 1470 - The Mycenaean island of Thera (Santorini) blew up in a volcanic explosion that caused massive tidal waves in the Aegean. Ash from the eruption has been found as far away as Greenland.
BCE 1450 - The Mycenaeans captured Crete and destroyed the royal residences of Knossos.
BCE 1400 - The Assyrian city of Ashshur (Kalat Sherghat) was built on the west bank of the Tigres river at the confluenc with the Zab in Iraq. The site was an old frontier post of the Akkadian Empire.
BCE 1400 - The Babylonians became subject to the more aggressive Assyrian Empire.
BCE 1400 - Glass was being mass-produced in Iraq and Egypt.
BCE 1400 - A phonetic alphabet developed by the Canaanites was widely used in the area of present-day Syria, Lebanon and Israel. The Phoenicians were using a cuneiform version of this alphabet.
BCE 1400 - The bronze-producing industrial site of El Argar began to decline.
BCE 1400-1000 - The middle Bronze Age in Britain was characterized by axes (palstaves), rapiers, leaf-shaped spearheads, settlements with palisades, crannogs, hill-forts, and "Celtic fields".
BCE 14th century - A tomb of the Atridae was constructed at Mycenae.
BCE 1318 - The second Suez canal was cut in the time of Seti I and was utilized until AD 770.
BCE 1300 - The glaciers begin to expand, lowering the water levels in the oceans. A shortage of rainfall caused lakes, springs and rivers to dry up.
BCE 1300 - Summer heat waves began to reach catastrophic proportions, igniting forests which destroyed wildlife and burned human habitations.
BCE 1300 - The Assyrians established a library in their capital city of Calah in present-day northern Iraq. The books were clay tablets engraved with a cuneiform script of the Semitic language.
BCE 1300-800 - The Bronze Age Urnfield culture influenced most of Europe with its burial practices.
BCE 13th century - Hittite artisans executed a carving depicting bagpipes.
BCE 13th century - Warriors of the Pictish culture established themselves in England.
BCE 13th century - Earthquakes disrupted the settlements along the coast at the eastern end of the Mediterranean. Volcanic eruptions occurred as far apart as Iceland, Sicily and the Sinai, causing great tidal waves.
BCE 13th century - The dramatic climatic change throughout the century brought cooler temperatures and severe droughts. The great rivers of Europe and North Africa began to shrink and the savannah of Libya became a desert.
BCE 1250 - A section of present-day Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany sank beneath the waves of the Baltic Sea.
BCE 1250 - The Amazon chieftain Penthesileia died fighting the Achaeans during the Trojan war.
BCE 1240 - The fall of Troy was a major event in the battle for control of the trade between the Baltic and the Mediterranean seas.
BCE 1235 - The Hittites were invaded by the Sea People, bringing their collapsing empire to an end. The center of iron production then shifted to the Balkan Peninsula.
BCE 1235-1190 - Sea People attacked the Mycenaeans, Hittites, Phoenicians and Egyptians. They were an iron-using people from Europe with a land army as well as sea power.
BCE 1230 - The Phoenicians established Lixus in Morocco as a trading post.
BCE 1225 - The Jewish tribes of Egypt were driven away when severe drought brought about crop failures to the Nile region.
BCE 1215 - Ulysses visited present-day Lisbon where he had an affair with Calypso and sired a son called Abidis.
BCE 1210 - Phoenicians established Cadiz (Gades) as a trading post in Spain.
BCE 1200 - The destruction of the city of Mycenae on the island of Peloponnesus helped bring about the end of the Mycenaean culture.
BCE 1200 - The climate of Scotland began to get wetter as the dry period came to an end.
BCE 1200 - Bronze Age Celts had a center at present-day Stanwick near Southampton in England.
BCE 1200 - Phoenicians were trading in the area of the Baltic Sea.
BCE 1200 - The Bronze Age of Scandinavia was at its peak.
BCE 1200 - The industrial center of El Argar in Spain was abandoned.
BCE 12th century - The people of the Ilford Hill settlement in southern England were living in circular timber-framed houses.
BCE 12th century - After the fall of Troy Dorians (Trojans) descended on the lower Balkans and conquered the Mycenaean.
BCE 12th century - Sea People working for the Phoenicians settled in present-day Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean, where they frequently engaged the Egyptians in battle.
BCE 12th century - Bronze Age refugees from Troy were led to Italy by Aeneas where they settled around present-day Rome.
BCE 12th century - Phoenicians from Tyre set up a trading post around modern-day Seville in Spain to search for tin, copper and silver, thus helping lay the foundations for the Tartessian culture.
BCE 12th century - The Phoenicians arrived in North Africa where the Berbers were already established.
BCE 1188-1165 - The Pharaoh Rameses III ruled Egypt and defeated the Sea People in four major battles.
BCE 1131 - Brute (Brutus) and his followers of Trojan descendants sailed from Italy and landed in Cornwall, England.
BCE 1100 - The Etruscan culture developed when warriors of the Tumulus-Urnfield cultures mixed with Villanovans (Urnfield) in the Po valley and Tuscany (Etruria).
BCE 1100 - The Urnfield culture was a dominant influence throughout Europe, from Romania to Ireland and from the Baltic to the Mediterranean.
BCE 1100 - The Phoenicians established Utica as a trading post in Tunisia.
BCE 1100 - The Phoenicians established Lisbon (Alis Llppo) as a trading post in Portugal.
BCE 1050-950 - The invasion of the Aramaean highland herders into Babylon brought the first Chaldeans to the area.
BCE 1050-600 - The late Bronze Age arrived in Britain with the Urnfield people. They used bronze swords, socketed axes and sickles and beaten bronze shields. They settled mainly around the Thames Valley.
BCE 1050-500 - The Germani culture practiced cremation and buried their dead in urnfields.
BCE 1000 - A rock bridge called Tarr's Steps was constructed over the River Barle in Somerset, England.
BCE 1000 - The Etruscan culture influenced the Hallstatt culture of Austria.
BCE 1000 - Hallstatt Celts were settled at Novo Mesto, Slovenia.
BCE 1000 - The Illyrians were mining salt at Gmunden, Austria.
BCE 1000 - Iron weapons were produced at Kavousi, Crete.
BCE 1000 - Bronze sickles and palstaves of the Urnfield culture were being made at Burgos in Spain.
BCE 1000 - A Celtic chieftain was buried in a cairn at North Uist, Outer Hebrides, Scotland.
BCE 1000 - Celtic seafarers reached New England in the United States.
BCE 1000-650 - Celtic settlers of the Urnfield culture introduced the potter's wheel into Spain.
BCE 1000-500 - Llyn Fawr near Rhigos in Wales was in use as a sacrificial site.
BCE 1st millenium - European explorers were buried in North America at Holliston Mills, Tennessee. Artifacts at Snapp's Bridge had ogham writing using Celtic and Basque words.
BCE 10th century - Brahmanism evolved from the Vedic religion in modern-day Pakistan.
BCE 10th century - Celts constructed a hillfort outside Viseu, Portugal with rectangular wooden houses.
BCE 950-750 - A regional late Bronze Age industry called the Wilburton was established in southern England.
BCE 927 - The druidic seminary of Mur Ollavan (center of the learned) was in existance by this time.
BCE 900 - Celtic warriors captured the Illyrian silver mines at Oberzeiring in Austria.
BCE 900 - Gaelic speakers arrived in Ireland from Britain.
BCE 9th century - The Scythians were dislodged from their territory east of the Altai mountains by the Hsiung-nu and Massagetai peoples who were themselves retreating from a Chinese army.
BCE 9th century - The island of Sardinia became a center for iron production.
BCE 9th century - A Bronze Age farmstead was established on Mainland Island in the Orkneys, Scotland.
BCE 9th-7th century - This was the Urnfield-Hallstatt period when many European cultures changed from bronze weapons to iron and adopted the chariot burial.
BCE 850-600 - The Hallstatt culture of Czech and Germany had emerged from the Urnfield culture. This was called the Early Hallstatt Iron Age in Europe.
BCE 814 - The Phoenician Dido, daughter of the ruler of Tyre, founded Carthage.
BCE 800 - The Phoenicians had already established trade with Britain and Ireland. They called them the Cassiterides (Tin Isles).
BCE 800 - The Phoenicians introduced iron weapons, tools and utensils to North Africa.
BCE 800 - Ogham inscriptions found in New England suggest an Iberian origin.
BCE 800 - The Ewart Park leaf sword appeared in Britain, most likely made by a local industry.
BCE 800 - People of the Urnfield culture had learned how to produce a pure copper.
BCE 800-600 - Celtic traders erected temples to Bel {Baal} in Connecticut, Vermont and New Hampshire in the United States.
BCE 800-500 - Urnfield-Hallstatt Celts migrated into northern Spain and Portugal where they contributed to the Castro.
BCE 8th century - The Scythians began to expand from their territory around the mouth of the Volga river on the Caspian Sea.
BCE 8th century - Cimmerians were driven from their territory north of the Black Sea by the Scythians and migrated into Germany, Belgium, France, Switzerland, England and Wales.
BCE 8th century - The Illyrian culture began to flourish around present-day Sarajevo.
BCE 8th century - The Veneti had established a trade route between the Baltic Sea in the north and the Po river in Italy.
BCE 8th century - The climate of Europe began to get colder and wetter, forcing changes in cereal crops.
BCE 8th century - A strong trade route existed between Ireland, Wales and Scandinavia.
BCE 8th century - The Celtic hillfort at Baiäes, Portugal became a major industrial center.
BCE 8th century - The Basques intermingled with Alpine roundheads from the north.
BCE 776 - The first Olympic Games were held in Olympia, Greece.
BCE 753 - Latin-speaking farmers developed Rome as a city-state.
BCE 750 - Homer was a wandering poet who translated the Celtic tales into Greek and notated them under the titles of the Iliad (Fall of Troy) and the Odyssey (Adventures of Odysseus).
BCE 714 - The Brehon Law was codified in Ireland.
BCE 700 - People at the Bronze Age industrial site at Fort Fiddes in Scotland were using beads from the Rhine region in Germany.
BCE 700 - Celts were mining salt at Hallein, Austria.
BCE 700 - About 3 million people were living in Britain.
BCE 700 - The Etruscan culture was on the decline in Italy.
BCE 7th century - Navan Fort (Emain Macha) in county Armagh, Northern Ireland was built by Macha, Ard Righ Eirinn.
BCE 7th century - The Picts in Scotland were building timber-laced forts north of the Tay.
BCE 7th century - The Thracians and Cimmerians joined together to fight the Scythians.
BCE 7th century - Trade routes between Ireland, Britain and Aremorica in France were well-established.
BCE 7th century - Hallstatt warriors introduced the iron leaf-swords into Britain.
BCE 7th century - Hallstatt Celts captured much of the Ligurian territory in Italy.
BCE 680 - Brythonic-speaking Celts of the Pictish culture invaded the province of Ulster in northern Ireland.
BCE 654 - The Phoenicians established a trading post on the Spanish side of the Balearic island of Ibiza.
BCE 612 - The Medes (Aryan) under Cyaxares, with help from his Babylonian allies, defeated the Assyrians when they captured Kuyunjik (Nineveh) in northern Iraq.
BCE 610 - The Phoenicians circumnavigated the continent of Africa.
BCE 600 - The Hallstatt Celt Arganthonios was the chieftain of the Tartessian territory that was famous for its silver mines.
BCE 600 - The Greeks established Massalia (Marseilles) as a trading post.
BCE 600 - Celts built a hillfort with ramparts and circular huts near Lockerbie, Scotland.
BCE 600 - The Ligurians had completely left their territory in Switzerland.
BCE 600 - 400 - This was the Late Hallstatt period of the European Iron Age.
BCE 6th century - Brythonic-speaking Late Hallstatt Celts invaded Scotland and southern Portugal.
BCE 6th century - The Scythians invaded the territory of the Hallstatt Celts and the Germani.
BCE 6th century - The hilltop sanctuary of Roquepertuse was being used by the Salluvii and Salyes tribes of France.
BCE 6th century - Celts in Moravia, Czech were using the Byci Skala caves for religious rites.
BCE 6th century - Celtic artisans of northern Spain and Portugal were carving large sculptures of bulls, boars and bears out of stone.
BCE 6th century - A Celtic grave at Greater Heuneburg in Germany contained a garment embroidered with Chinese silk.
BCE 6th century - The Iberians entered Spain from North Africa.
BCE 6th century - The Phoenician city-state of Tyre survived a 13-year siege by the Babylonians.
BCE 6th century - Pictish warriors from Gaul began their invasion of England and Ireland.
BCE 6th century - Carthaginians established colonies on the southern and eastern coasts of Spain.
BCE 6th century - The Pharaoh Amasis of Egypt granted Celtic mercenaries the right to worship their god Bel {Baal} on an island in the mouth of the Nile.
BCE 6th century - Travels by the Greek philosopher Pythagoras to Egypt and other countries with advanced cultures helped acquaint the Greeks with the ancient sciences of geometry and mathematics.
BCE 550 - The Persians (Aryan) defeated their kindred Medians and founded the Persian Empire.
BCE 550 - The Greeks established a trading post in Spain at Ampurias.
BCE 550-400 - The La Tène A period was the intermediate period between the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures of Iron Age Europe.
BCE 535 - The Carthaginians and their Etruscan allies won a naval battle at Alalia, Corsica against the Phocean Greeks and the Tartessians, fought to determine who would control the Mediterranean trade routes.
BCE 500 - The Tartessian culture began to decline when its center near Seville (Tartessus) was destroyed by the Carthaginians.
BCE 500 - The Greek adventurer Hecataeus wrote in awe of the Hyperborean (Celtic) megalithic sun temple of Stonehenge.
BCE 5th century - The Carn Euny hillfort in Cornwall, England was settled and its inhabitants lived in timber-framed houses.
BCE 5th century - Carthage began to develop colonies on the west coast of Africa, trading in slaves, gold and ivory.
BCE 5th century - The Iberians settled in Spain and north to the Rhône in southern France, intermingling with Ligurian, Basque and Hallstatt cultures.
BCE 5th century - The Amazons noted by Herodotus as being with the Scythians were possibly the famous female warriors of the Sarmatian culture.
BCE 480 - The Persian army was using the fire arrow as a weapon of attack.
BCE 474 - Celts defeated the Etruscans of northern Italy near the present-day city of Ticino.
BCE 450 - The Persian-Greek writer Herodotus showed himself to be an observant man when he proclaimed that the Celts lived beyond the Pillars of Hercules (Strait of Gibraltar).
BCE 450 - Around this time the Hallstatt sword was shortened and acquired a pointed tip.
BCE 450 - Soldiers of the Persian army used iron fish-scale armor.
BCE 436 - Thousands of starving people drowned in the Tiber river when the city-state of Rome experienced a great famine.
BCE 404 - Athens, the capital city of the Hellenes, fell under the might of Sparta.
BCE 400 - The culture of the Germani came increasingly under the influence of the Celts as they crossed the barrier of the Rhon Mountains and migrated south.
BCE 400 - 285 - This was the La Tène I period of the European Iron Age.
BCE 4th century - The Greeks, with overwhelming insight and in a fit of generosity, reckoned that the Celts along with the Scythians, Indians, and Ethiopians were the four peripheral nations of the known world.
BCE 4th century - Chromite swords were manufactured in the eastern Mediterranean. Chromium is a hard metal found in abundance around present-day Greece and when added to iron it produces a superior sword.
BCE 4th century - Belgae tribes from around the Rhine and Main rivers were settling in western Gaul and had pushed their southern border to the Seine.
BCE 4th century - The Greek geographer Pytheas sailed through the Pillars of Hercules to present-day Cornwall for tin, then on to the North Sea to collect amber from the Teutons. He observed that the Celts had large herds of cattle.
BCE 4th century - Brythonic-speaking Picts founded settlements in Ulster.
BCE 4th century - Brythonic-speaking Celts moved eastward from the Danube valley.
BCE 4th century - The Celtic chieftain Segovesus led a large force of male and female warriors from Gaul and settled between the Alps and Carpathian mountains, forming a Celtic territory called Noricum.
BCE 4th century - The Celtic chieftain Bellovesus led a large force of male and female warriors from Gaul to settle in northern Italy after defeating the resident Etruscans.
BCE 4th century - The Veneti of Italy intermingled with the invading La Tène I culture from Gaul.
BCE 4th century - Elico, a Celtic blacksmith, guided Celtic warriors on three separate attacks on Rome.
BCE 391 - Celtic warriors allied themselves with Rome to fight the Etruscans. During the battle for Clusium (Chiusi), the Celts recognized Romans fighting alongside their enemy. The Celts demanded an explanation from Rome, and when they received none they withdrew their forces and marched on Rome.
BCE 390 - On July 18, the Celts annihilated the Roman army near the river Allia. After a terrifying year, the Roman senate finally admitted their treachery and paid 1000 pounds of gold as compensation.
BCE 386 - The Celtic chieftain Catumandus abandoned his attack on the Greek trading post of Marseilles because of bad omens.
BCE 379 - Dionysius the Elder (Tyrant of Syracuse) hired Celtic mercenaries to fight in Greece.
BCE 370 - Labraid Loingsech led a troop of Galian mercenaries to conquer Dinn Rig, the center of the old province of Leinster in southern Ireland.
BCE 369 - Celtic mercenaries fought in the Peloponnese.
BCE 367 - Celtic warriors attacked Rome again.
BCE 366 - Celtic mercenaries fought for Sparta against Athens.
BCE 361 - 360 - Celtic warriors attacked Rome again.
BCE 360 - Weapons called "Fire Pots" were becoming fashionable in naval warfare of the Mediterranean. Clay pots were filled with a burning mixture of pine shavings, pitch, sulphur and resin, then were flung onto an enemy ship by catapults.
BCE 352-347 - Philip II of Macedonia conquered Thracian territory and plundered the gold mines to support his territorial expansion in the Balkan Peninsula.
BCE 350-349 - Celtic warriors attacked Rome again.
BCE 350 - The Scythians invaded the Balkan Peninsula and mingled with the Thracians.
BCE 350 - The Celtic sword of this time was short with a steel edge and an iron core. The point was rounded and it was used for slashing only.
BCE 349 - The Celts of Italy penetrated as far south as Apulia in Campania.
BCE 345 - The inhabitants of the Phoenician city of Sidon committed mass suicide rather than face domination by the Persians.
BCE 338 - The city-state of Rome took control of the Latin League of Cities.
BCE 336 - Alexander became the high chieftain of the Macedonian tribes after the death of his father Philip II. He immediately reminded the Greeks that they were his subjects.
BCE 335 - The Celts on the Balkan Peninsula made a treaty with Alexander of Macedonia.
BCE 334-323 - This was the time of Alexander of Macedonia's 11-year empire.
BCE 332 - The Phoenician city of Tyre fell to Alexander of Macedonia after a heroic struggle, marking the end of the Phoenician sea power.
BCE 330 - The great Amazonian chieftain Thalestris, with 300 fully-armored female warriors, rode into the camp of Alexander of Macedonia and proposed a sexual liaison.
BCE 326 - Alexander of Macedonia expanded his empire to make the Indus valley the eastern boundary.
BCE 325-323 - Pytheas of Massilia (Marseilles), a geographer and astronomer, used the name Pretanic Islands to refer to both present-day Ireland and Britain, the people being called the Pretani or Priteni. In Irish literature the name Preteni is used.
BCE 323 - Alexander of Macedonia died of dysentry in present-day Pakistan.
BCE 310 - The Celtic chieftain Molistomos led a large body of warriors on a raid into Illyria (former Yugoslavia) and caused panic among the Antariatae tribe.
BCE 307 - Agathocles (Tyrant of Syracuse) led Celtic mercenaries into North Africa to destroy his enemies and become king of all Sicily.
BCE 300 - Celtic warriors plundered Macedonia.
BCE 300 - Celtic warriors in Bohemia, Czech, sacrificed a large cauldron of iron jewelry to the Giant's Spring.
BCE 300 - A Celtic settlement with good natural defences was established at Carn Ingli in Dyfed, Wales.
BCE 3rd century - The Iberians formed an elite corp of the Carthaginian army to fight Rome.
BCE 3rd century - The Belgae carried the La Tène II culture to England, Ireland, Italy, Illyria, Spain and Portugal.
BCE 3rd century - The Celtic chieftain Bathanattos established Singidunum (Belgrade) in former Yugoslavia as the center for the Scordisci tribe.
BCE 298 - The Celtic chieftain Cambaules fought his way into Thrace after the first band of Celts were beaten by the Macedonian leader Cassander on the slopes of Haemos.
BCE 284-100 - This was the La Tène II period of the Iron Age in Europe.
BCE 283 - The Celtic Senones tribe was defeated by the Romans in northern Italy.
BCE 283 - An army of Boii invaded the Etruscans in Etruria but were themselves beaten by Romans at Lake Vadimo.
BCE 280 - A Celtic chieftain named Camantori founded a territory in Thrace, making Tyle the center.
BCE 279 - The Celtic chieftains Brennus and Acichorius led a large army to sack the Phocean Greek shrine at Delphi.
BCE 279 - The Celtic chieftain Bolgios and his warriors defeated the Macedonians in a battle near Monastir.
BCE 278 - Nicomedes, King of Bithynia, invited 20,000 Celtic and Illyrian warriors of mixed sex to work as his mercenaries in Turkey. They eventually became the Galatians and settled in the area of present-day Ankara.
BCE 277-276 - Celtic warriors fought for Ptolemy II in Egypt and then tried unsuccessfully to capture the country for themselves.
BCE 263 - Celtic mercenaries rebelled against their Carthaginian employers while they were fighting in Sicily.
BCE 262-241 - The first Punic War was fought between the Carthaginians and the Romans over control of Sicily. Carthage lost the war and her Spanish colonies.
BCE 240 - The Parthians, of nomadic Scythian origins, became known as breeders of large strong horses. They exported them along with alfalfa seeds for forage.
BCE 225 - A large body of warriors led by the three Celtic chieftains Concolitanos, Aneroestus and Britomartus arrived on the plain of the Po river. They lost the battle of Telamon against an army of Gauls, Etruscans and Romans.
BCE 224 - After the first major defeat of a Celtic army, the Romans devastated the territory of the Boii tribe.
BCE 223 - The Romans attacked the Celtic Insubres tribe but were beaten. They attacked again with the help of the Celtic Cenomani tribe and drove them to Mediolanum (Milan).
BCE 222 - The Insubres received fresh troops from across the Alps under a chieftain named Viridomar but were finally defeated at Clastidium on the Po river. The Romans then confiscated part of the Insubres territory.
BCE 222 - The battle of Clastidium, southwest of Comillomagus, was the end of Celtic domination of northern Italy and the beginning of Roman control.
BCE 221 - Hannibal conquered the Celtiberians in southeastern Spain.
BCE 218-201 - The second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought to determine who would control the rich lands of Spain.
BCE 218-201 - The Lusitani confederation was mentioned for the first time as fighting for Hannibal of the Carthaginians during the second Punic War.
BCE 218 - Hannibal defeated the Celtic Volcae and Tectosages tribes of Gaul.
BCE 218 - The Celtic Boii tribe fought for the Carthaginians during the second Punic War.
BCE 214 - During the Battle of Jean, Hasdrubal the Carthaginian employed a large body of Celtic mercenaries whom he recruited in Aquitanica, Gaul.
BCE 203 - The Romans defeated the Carthaginians at Utica.
BCE 2nd century - Celtic heroes in Ireland were still studying combat with Amazon warriors.
BCE 2nd century - Celtiberians were using the ogham alphabet to inscribe their coins.
BCE 2nd century - The sacrificial site at Llyn Cerrig Bach in Anglesey, Wales was in use.
BCE 193 - The Celtic center of Tyle in Thrace fell to the Romans.
BCE 192 - The Boii tribe in Italy was defeated by the Romans at Bologna. The Roman consul made a sport of torturing the chieftain and his family.
BCE 190 - Celtic warriors defeated a Roman army in Spain.
BCE 183 - The great Carthaginian commander Hannibal committed suicide.
BCE 178 - The Romans sold 3000 Celtic families into slavery.
BCE 154 - Celtiberians of Spain fought against invading Romans.
BCE 150 - Liquor was being distilled at Charsada, Pakistan in ceramic stills called "Elephant Trunks".
BCE 149-146 - The third Punic War was initiated by the Romans against Carthage because they still feared their power and influence. By the end of the war, Carthage was destroyed and made into a Roman province.
BCE 139 - The Celtic chieftain Viriato had been leading such a successful guerrilla war in Spain and Portugal for nine years that Rome hired three traitors to murder him. This ended the Lusitanian struggle against Rome.
BCE 137 - During the siege of Numantia, the Arevaci tribe defeated an entire Roman army.
BCE 137 - The Romans began their war of conquest of Galicia, Spain.
BCE 136 - The Celtic tribe who was under siege at the hill-fort of Pallantia in Spain broke their siege and attacked the Romans.
BCE 134 - The Roman commander Scipio ordered that 400 male and female warriors of the Lutia tribe in Spain were to have their sword hands cut off to dissuade anyone from helping the besieged inhabitants of Numantia.
BCE 134-133 - The Romans sieged the fortified village of Numantia (Numancia) in Spain for 15 months. In the end 20,000 men, women and and children of the Arevaci tribe committed suicide rather than submit to Rome.
BCE 125 - The Romans annexed a strip of land between Italy and Spain to give them a safe corridor through Gaul. They named it the province of Gallia Narbonensis.
BCE 122 - The Allobroges chieftain Bituitus and his son Congentiatus were made prisoners at Alba by the Romans, when Bituitus tried to treat with the Romans on behalf of the Arverni and the Allobroges tribes.
BCE 113 - The Cimbri took the Gundestrup Cauldron from the territory of the Scordisci tribe to Denmark, where it was sacrificed to the goddess of the lake.
BCE 110 - Celts and Thracians from the Balkan peninsula raided the shrine of Delphi again.
BCE 109 - The Germani Cimbri tribe and their allies destroyed a Roman army in Gaul.
BCE 109 - The Romans conquered Romania from the Celts.
BCE 105 - The Cimbri and their allies destroyed two Roman armies in Gaul.
BCE 103 - The Cimbri and the Teutoni were defeated by the Romans in two different battles and the survivors sold into slavery.
BCE 1st century - The Celtic chieftain Bran invaded Ireland and fought a major battle near Dublin against the high chieftain of Ireland.
BCE 1st century - The Celtic fortress of Caer-y-Twr was constructed on the highest point of Anglesey.
BCE 1st century - Celtic warriors settled in Bratislava, Slovakia.
BCE 1st century - The Celtic industrial site of Bibracte at Mont Beuvray, France was flourishing with activity as the Romans invaded Gaul.
BCE 99-1 - This was the La Tène III period of the Iron Age in Europe.
BCE 96 - The Roman senate prohibited the sacrifice of humans.
BCE 90 - The Arevaci tribe of Gaul rebelled against Rome.
BCE 82 - Cisalpine Gaul was declared a Roman province.
BCE 81-73 - The Celtiberian Sertorius led rebel warriors against Rome in a fight for independence.
BCE 74 - Spartacos, a Celto-Thracian herder, led 100,000 escaped slaves against Rome for two years before he was killed in battle.
BCE 70-19 - An Italian Celtic writer named Virgil wrote of the Roman expropriation of tribal lands from the Celtic people.
BCE 68 - A Celtic peasant named Mariccus, from the territory of the Boii, was accepted as a prophet and champion when he led a revolt against Rome.
BCE 63-AD 14 - The Roman conquest of Asturias and the Cantabrian mountain area of Spain did little to disturb the Celtic way of life there.
BCE 61 - The Celtic center of Brigantium (A Corunna) in Spain fell to Rome.
BCE 60 - The Romans annexed Galicia, Spain as a province of Rome.
BCE 58 - In March/April at Bibracte (Mont Beauvray) in Burgundy, Caesar murdered 258,000 Celtic men, women and children who were travelling to their promised land.
BCE 58 - The territory of the Belgae was invaded by Caesar.
BCE 56 - The Veneti fleet was destroyed by the Romans when it was becalmed in the Gulf of Morbihan in France.
BCE 54 - Caesar led an expeditionary force to southern England and was subjected to "lightning strikes" by the chariot of the Celtic chieftain Cassubellaunos. Caesar was satisfied to leave the country with a truce.
BCE 52 - Caesar massacred 40,000 Celtic warriors of the Bituriges tribe, then sold the rest into slavery.
BCE 52 - The hope of a Celtic Gaul faded when the Celtic freedom fighter Vercingetorix surrendered to Caesar after the fall of Alesia. He was sent to a prison in Rome.
BCE 51 - The Cadurci fortress of Uxellodunum in France was destroyed by Rome.
BCE 51 - The Atrebates tribe rebelled against Caesar and migrated to England.
BCE 50 - Caesar finally conquered Gaul after numerous acts of horrific brutality, treachery and tribal genocide.
BCE 46 - The Celtic hero Vercingetorix was executed in Rome.
BCE 44 - Caesar was assassinated in Rome.
BCE 38 - The high chieftain of Ireland fought a major battle against pirates from Britain at Da Derga's Hostel near present-day Dublin.
BCE 30 - The Celtic town of Carnuntium in Austria was lost to the Romans.
BCE 30 - Strabo described the Celts of Galicia, Spain as enjoying beer-drinking, eating cured ham, dancing to the flute and horn, and using a small round shield in battle.
BCE 27 - Rome became an empire under Augustus.
BCE 25 - The Celtic territory of Gaul was made a province of Rome.
AD 8 - The Celtic Danube region became a Roman province.
AD 15 - The Romans destroyed the Celtic industrial site of Manching in Germany in order to stop the production and distribution of the high-quality sophisticated weapons and tools.
AD 40-50 - Paul converted many Celtic Galatians to his unique blend of paganism and the teachings of Christ. This led to many quarrels with Peter whom Jesus had asked to lead his followers.
AD 42 - Egypt suffered a great famine.
AD 43 - Romans used the plea for help of the Atrebates chieftain Verica as an excuse invade Britain.
AD 43 - The Roman commander Sabinus ordered the massacre of all the men, women and children at Maiden Castle in Dorset, England. Exhumed remains show that their bodies were hacked into pieces after they were killed.
AD 47 - The Celtic chieftain Caratacus organized a number of tribes in an attempt to drive the Roman invaders from England.
AD 51 - The Brigantes chieftain Cartimandua betrayed Caratacus to the Romans. The treacherous act started a civil war within her tribe and destroyed it as a major power in England.
AD 60 - The Iceni chieftain Boudicca led a revolt against the Roman invaders, causing considerable death and destruction.
AD 61 - The Romans destroyed the sacred Celtic site of Mona in Wales in an attempt to demoralize the Celtic warriors fighting under the chieftain Boudicca.
AD 71 - The Brigantes chieftain Venutios lost a decisive battle against the Romans at present-day York in England.
AD 78 - The Silures tribe in Wales was defeated by the Romans.
AD 79 - Mount Vesuvius in Italy erupted and buried the Roman centers of Pompeii and Herculaneum.
AD 84 - The Caledonian chieftain Calgacus fought the Romans near Stonehaven at the Battle of Mons Graupius and stopped the invaders from advancing into present-day Scotland.
AD 98-117 - Under the soldier-emperor Trajan, Rome reached its maximum expansion.
AD 1st century - The late La Tène period extended from year 1 to the Roman conquest in each individual country.
AD 100-410 - The commerce of England and Wales was under the control of the Roman Empire.
AD 106 - The Romans destroyed the culture and language of the Dacian culture.
AD 121 - The Romans built Hadrian's Wall from Solway to Tyne in England, in an attempt to protect themselves from the fierce Celtic tribes of the north. The wall was a failure.
AD 141 - The Romans built the Antonine Wall between the Clyde and the Forth in Scotland, in an attempt to protect themselves from the incessant attacks of the northern Celts. The wall was a failure and was abandoned.
AD 150 - A deadly epidemic swept through the Roman Empire.
AD 159 - A killer epidemic, thought to be measles, swept through the Roman Empire after coming from China along the silk route.
AD 2nd century - The Boramha or Boru Tribute (cattle counting) was levied against the coiced of Leinster in Ireland.
AD 200 - Julius Solinus mentioned that there were no snakes in Ireland.
AD 210 - The Pictish chieftain Argentocoxos made a treaty with Rome.
AD 250 - Lugaidh mac Conn attacked Ireland with an army of Britons.
AD 250-300 - A portion of the Desi tribe left Ireland and settled in Dyfed, Wales.
AD 275 - Invading Huns arrived in Luxembourg.
AD 283 - The great Fianna chieftain Fionn mac Cumhaill died.
AD 284 - The Battle of Gabhra brought about the end of the Fianna as a political influence in old Ireland.
AD 286 - The Romans experienced a Celtic rebellion in northern Gaul.
AD 3rd century - A famine caused many of the Dal Riada to migrate from Munster to Ulster in Ireland, then on to Argyll in Scotland.
AD 3rd century - The Battle of Crinna was the end of Ulster as a political power in old Ireland.
AD 355 - Emain Macha was destroyed by warriors loyal to the high chieftain of Ireland.
AD 395 - The Christian religion became a political force in Gaul.
AD 4th century - Large numbers of Celts from Ireland settled along the west coast of Cornwall, Wales, northern England and Scotland.
AD 4th century - The Battle of DuBCEhomar was fought between Fiacha Sreabhtuinne, the high chieftain of Ireland, and his nephews the three Collas.
AD 4th century - The new Roman religion of Christianity was forced upon the Celts of Iberia.
AD 4th century - Carbon-dated skeletons excavated from a disk barrow in New England from this time have been shown to match those of a type of early Irish.
AD 4th century - Tribes of Picts, Scots, Irish, Angles, Jutes and Saxons raided Roman-controlled Britain.
AD 400 - Celtic tribes from Leinster settled on the Llyn Peninsula of Wales.
AD 400 - About 40,000 people were living in Cornwall.
AD 400 - Tribes of Goths invaded Roman-controlled Gaul.
AD 405 - Niall of the Nine Hostages was killed by a chieftain from Leinster while he was fighting in Roman Gaul.
AD 407 - Emperor Constantine III pulled his Roman troops out of Britain and into Gaul.
AD 449 - The Celtic chieftain Vortigern invited warriors of the Germani to settle in England and help drive out the invading Picts from the North.
AD 451 - The Germani stopped the invasion by Attila and his Huns at the battle of Châlons.
AD 470 - Fergus mac Eirc established the Dal Riada at Argyll and had the Lia Fail stone brought to Scotland so that he could be crowned head chieftain.
AD 471 - A Celt travelling through Colorado, USA carved a prayer to the sun god Bel {Baal} using the ogham alphabet.
AD 476 - The Germani Alamanni confederation finally ended the tyranny of Rome.
AD 483 - In Ireland, Connacht stopped being ruled by Tara when it defeated the army of the Ard Righ at the Battle of Ocha.
AD 490-499 - Vortigern and his army of Germans fought against Ambrosius Aurelianus and his Britons.
AD 496 - The last Roman emperor was pensioned off by the Germani chieftain Odoacer.
AD 5th century - Christian missionaries set up in Kent and began to spread their dogma to the Celts throughout Britain.
AD 5th century - During the latter half of the century, the Cymry (tribes that fight side by side) was formed to repel invaders from all sides of Britain.
AD 5th century - The coming of Christianity to Ireland meant the end of the Celtic way of life.
AD 5th century - The German-speaking Angles, Jutes and Saxons began to mix with the Latin-speaking Celts of England and eventually produced the English language.
AD 547 - The Celtic chieftain Maelgwyn recovered Dyfed, Wales from the control of the Irish.
AD 557 - Germani warriors of the Saxon tribe settled in the area of the Severn river in Britain, separating the Celts of Wales from the Celts of Cornwall.
AD 6th century - Diarmuid mac Cearbail, the last Ard Righ to rule Ireland from Tara, died.
AD 6th century - The noted bard Taliesin (maybe the same person as Merlin) lived in Wales.
AD 613 - The northern Britons were isolated in Northumberland by invading Angles of the Germani culture.
AD 618 - The council of Nantes representing the Christian church condemmed the practices of Druidism.
AD 630 - Angles captured Edinburgh, and a Celto-Germani speech became dominant in the lowlands.
AD 637 - The battle of Moyraith was fought between Domhnall Brec, the head chieftain of the Dal Riada of Scotland, and Domhnall mac Aedh, the high chieftain of Ireland.
AD 7th century - A sculpture was made of a kilted highlander wearing his sporran.
AD 750-1050 - Norse explorers left a petroglyph of the Celtic gods Mabon and Lugh at Castle Gardens site in Wyoming, U.S.A.
AD 835 - The Danes initiated a short-lived invasion of Britain.
AD 842 - Pictish rule in Scotland came to an end when Cinaeth mac Ailpin became Ard-righ Albainn, joining the Picts and Scotti (Goidel).
AD 843 - Cinaeth mac Ailpin died.
AD 845 - On November 22, the Celts of Brittany defeated the French at the battle of Ballon, saving their language, religion and lifestyle.
AD 894 - In Scotland, Caithness, Sutherland, Inverness and part of Ross fell to the Norsemen.
AD 1066 - The Normans invaded England.
AD 12th century - Celts speaking Old Irish built burial mounds in North America which were dedicated to the Earth Mother.
AD 12th century - The weather of Europe again turned colder, destroying thousands of vineyards in England belonging to William the Conqueror.
AD 1398 - Henry Sinclair, head chieftain of Orkney, and his admiral Antonio Zeno of Venice sailed westward and landed at Nova Scotia in Canada. They were drawn to Stellarton in the county of Pictou by the black smoke from the natural fires of stellar coal.
AD 16th century - Francisco de Orellana of Spain mentioned that he had encountered blond warrior women in what is now referred to as the Amazon region of Brazil.
AD 17th century - The Brahan Seer (Kenneth MacKenzie) was born at Baile-na-Cille on the Isle of Lewis. He had a ring of stone which helped his second sight and divination.
AD 18th century - The ethnic cleansing of the predominantly Pictish people of the Scottish Highlands was begun by the English with the help of lowland lackeys.