CULTURE Late Hallstatt / Aremorican
AFFILIATION client of the Venelli
COUNTRY Germany / France
REGION Normandy
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
LANDMARKS Vinxtbach (Abrinca) / See
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th-5th c / BC 49
SEE
ALSO Venelli
MAP
REF 1 - C
REMARKS Sometime between BC 6th and 5th century,
the
Abrincatui tribe left their homeland
southeast of present-
day Cologne on the Abrinca (Vinxtbach)
river. They settled
in Aremorica on the See river around
present-day Avranches.
The Abrincatui became a client tribe of the
Venelli until
the Roman occupation in BC 49, when they
were separated.
ALTERNATIVE Tungri
CULTURE Germani / La Tène II / Germano-Celtic /
Belgae
COUNTRY Denmark / Germany / Netherlands /
Belgium
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Maas / Ardennes
CENTERS Aduatuca
AGE Iron
DATES BC 105 / BC 57 / BC 54 / BC 53
LEADERS Galba (war leader) / Ambiorix (war
leader)
SEE
ALSO Ambrones / Cimbri / Eburones /
Menapii / Nervii
Suessiones / Teutoni
MAP
REF 2 - C
REMARKS In BC 105 the Cimbri returned from Spain
to Gaul
where they rejoined the Teutoni and the
Ambrones. The
tribes decided to make a reconnaissance of
Italy, so they
left 6000 of their warriors on the south
side of the Rhine
with their baggage and cattle while they
went in search of
good land to settle. The warriors never returned from
Italy.
Those left behind struggled for years
against their
neighbors but were strong enough to claim
their own
territory in the Ardennes Forest on the left
bank of the
Maas river.
By the time that Caesar invaded Gaul, the
Aduatuci were an accepted tribe.
In BC 57, the Aduatuci contributed
19,000 warriors to
help fight against Caesar when he invaded
Belgica. They
had chosen Galba, head chieftain of the
Suessiones, as
their war leader. The tribe also contributed warriors to
help the Nervii in their struggle against
the Roman
invaders.
When they heard that the Nervii had been beaten,
they gathered their clans into one of their
fortresses
which had good natural protection.
Caesar's troops built an earthwork 12
ft (3.5 m) high
with a 5 mile (8 km) circuit around their
fortress. They
then built siege towers which the Aduatuci
had never seen
before.
When Caesar moved the towers in close to the
oppidum, the Romans were able to shoot their
arrows, stones
and spears down into the Aduatuci warriors
and they had no
choice but to surrender. Caesar killed 4,000 of them and
sold 53,000 into slavery by auction.
Caesar told the Eburones, who were a
client tribe of
the Aduatuci, to withhold their tribute but
in BC 54 when
the Eburones and the Nervii were again were
trying to throw
off the Roman yoke the Aduatuci threw in
their lot with
them under Ambiorix, chieftain of the
Eburones.
They fought Caesar again in BC 53
alongside the Nervii
and the Menapii. Caesar laid waste to their territory
while they were away.
EPITHET Burning
ALTERNATIVE Aedui / Ardyes / Hædui / Haedui
CULTURE Goidel (Trojan) / La Tène I / Gallic
AFFILIATION Insubres (clan) / Ambivareti, Bellovaci,
Brannovices and Segusiavi
(clients)
COUNTRY Germany / France / Italy
REGION Saône-et-Loire
TERRITORY Gaul / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Saône / Doubs / Auvergne / Yonne / Loire
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia) / Gergovia
CENTERS Autun / Bibracte / Châlons-sur-Seine
(Cabillonum) / Decize (Decetia) / Nevers
(Noviodunum) / Macon (Matisco)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th c / BC 4th c / BC 391 / BC 218
/ BC 1st c
/ BC 58 / BC 57 / BC 54 / BC 52 /
BC 50
DEITIES Borvo / Ianuaria
LEADERS Ambicatus (Rix) / Bellovesus / Segovesus
/
Eporedorix / Divitiacus / Dumnorix / Cotos /
Convictolitavis / Litaviccus
/ Viridomar / Comm
(war leader) / Surus / Vercingetorix (war
leader)
SEE
ALSO Ambarri / Ambivareti / Andes /
Arverni / Aulerci
/ Bellovaci / Bituriges / Brannovices / Carnuti
/ Cenomani / Helvetii / Insubres
/ Lingones /
Santoni / Segusiavi / Senones /
Sequani /
Treveri / Turoni
MAP REF 3 - A/C
REMARKS The Ædui tribe migrated to France from
Germany
around BC 9th century. They thought of themselves as
Trojan (Goidel) stock and Wilkens' research
(Where Troy
Once Stood) suggests that this was a
plausible assertion.
The
Ædui, Ambarri, Aulerci, Carnuti, Lingones, Senones,
Sequani and Turoni were all related by
blood. The Insubres
were a clan and the Ambivareti, Bellovaci,
Brannovices and
Segusiavi had all been clients of the Ædui.
In BC 4th century the Ædui belonged to
a
confederation of related tribes led at the
time by
Ambicatus of the Bituriges. The confederation included the
Ædui, Ambarri, Andes, Arverni, Aulerci, Bituriges,
Carnuti, Cenomani, Insubres, Lingones, and Senones tribes.
In BC 391, two swarms of young male and
female
warriors from the confederation were led to
new lands.
Bellovesus led his warriors over the Alps to
northern Italy
and Segovesus took his people through the
Hercynian Forest
of Germany, Austria, Hungary and former
Yugoslavia.
By BC 218 the Ædui tribe was living on
the both sides
of the Saône and by BC 1st century they were
settled in the
Auvergne Mountains with the headwaters of
the Yonne to the
north, the Saône flowing through their
territory and the
Loire on the west.
The Ædui industrial village of Bibracte
was at the
headwaters of the Yonne, Decetia (Decize)
and Noviodunum
(Nevers) were on the Loire, Autun was on the
Arroux,
Matisco (Macon) was a town north of
present-day Lyons on
the Saône and Cabillomun (Châlon-sur-Saône)
was at the
confluence of the Doubs and the Saône. The curative spring
of Beire-le-Chatel was on the edge of their
territory.
In BC 1st century the Ædui chieftain
named Eporedorix
led a campaign against the Sequani tribe
over the disputed
borderline of the Saône river. In BC 58 the Helvetii
treated with the Ædui to pass through their
territory on
their mass migration to the land of the
Santoni. Caesar
massacred the migrating tribes.
In BC 57 under the leadership of
Divitiacus, the Ædui
invaded the territory of the Bellovaci tribe
who were a
client tribe. They were attempting to keep them from
fighting against Caesar during his Belgae
invasion.
In BC 54 Caesar had the Ædui chieftain
Dumnorix
killed because he refused to accompany him
to Britain. In
BC 52, Caesar intervened in a civil dispute
between two
Ædui chieftains, Cotos and Convictolitavis,
and backed
Convictolitavis. Cotos and Litaviccus, another Ædui
chieftain, then led troops for Vercingetorix
against Caesar
at the Arverni oppidum of Gergovia.
The Ædui Viridomar and Eporedorix and
the Arverni
Vercassivellaunus were sub-chieftains under
the war leader
Comm of the Atrebates. They led 240,000 battle-line
soldiers and 8,000 mounted warriors against
the rear of the
Roman force sieging Alesia. The relief army during the
siege of Alesia had its tribes joined in
blood groups; the
Segusiavi, Ambivareti and Brannovices fought
under the
Ædui.
In BC 50 an Ædui chieftain named Surus
was captured
while fighting with the Treveri against
Rome. He was the
last Ædui freedom fighter.
ALTERNATIVE Aegosages
CULTURE La Tène I
COUNTRY Bulgaria / Turkey
TERRITORY Gaul / Thrace
LANDMARKS Hellespont
AGE Iron
DATES BC 218 / BC 217
MAP
REF 4 - A
REMARKS The Ægosages were descendants of
warriors from
Gaul who had settled on the Balkan Peninsula
in Thrace.
In BC 218 Attalos of Pergamon invited them to go to
present-day Turkey as his mercenaries. When he no longer
needed their services, he tried to send them
back to Thrace
but they rebelled. They then settled on the Hellespont
where they were defeated by Prusias I of
Bithynia in BC
217.
The Ægosages never tried to unite with the Galatian
tribes and remained a separate entity.
ALTERNATIVE Alani
CULTURE Early Hallstatt / Scythian /
Celto-Scythian /
Aremorican / La Tène III
COUNTRY Austria / France
REGION Brittany
TERRITORY Noricum / Gaul / Aremorica
LANDMARKS Aulne
CENTERS Alauna / Alaunium
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 1st c
DEITIES Alounae
MAP
REF 5 - A/C
REMARKS The Alauni tribe was made up of
Hallstatt Celts
from Noricum, Austria who intermingled with
the Scythian
invaders of BC 6th century. The Alauni tribe venerated the
eponymous goddess Alounae.
By BC 1st century warriors of the Celto-Scythian
tribe
were settled on the west coast of Brittany
with a center at
Alauna on the Alaunus (Aulne) river. They also settled
another territory in southeastern Gaul at
Alaunium.
CULTURE Gallic
COUNTRY France / Switzerland
REGION Aude
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhône / Isère / Alps
CENTERS Geneva
AGE Iron
DATES BC 218 / BC 125 / BC 120 / BC 58 / BC
44
SEE
ALSO Arverni / Helvetii / Medulli
MAP
REF 6 - C
REMARKS The Allobroges had a center at Geneva
where the
old town is located. They lived in the Isère river valley
up as far as Maurienne which was the
territory of the
Medulli.
Hannibal passed through their territory in BC 218
on his way into Italy.
In BC 125 Bituitus, chieftain of the
Arverni tribe,
sought shelter with them while he was
fleeing the Romans.
The Allobroges tribe were defeated by the
Romans in BC 120.
The Helvetii asked for passage through
their territory
in BC 58 because they had a bridge over the
Rhône. Caesar,
wanting an excuse for a fight, ordered the
Allobroges to
refuse passage. The Allobroges suffered shame and hardship
because of Caesar's hate for the
Helvetii. In BC 44 the
tribe revolted against Rome in a last
attempt to throw off
the yoke of oppression.
CULTURE Goidel / La Tène A / Gallic / La Tène I
COUNTRY Germany / France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Saône / Rhône
CENTERS Lyons (Lugdunum)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 4th c / BC 391 / BC 57
LEADERS Ambicatus (Rix) / Bellovesus / Segovesus
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Andes / Arverni /
Aulerci / Bituriges /
Carnuti / Cenomani / Insubres / Lingones /
Segusiavi / Senones / Sequani /
Turoni
MAP
REF 7 - C
REMARKS The Ambarri were a La Tène A tribe who
left
Germany around BC 6th century and settled
between the Rhône
and the Araris (Saône) rivers on the
northeast corner with
a center at the confluence called Lugdunum
(present-day
Lyons).
The Ædui, Ambarri, Aulerci, Carnuti, Lingones,
Senones, Sequani and Turoni were all related
by blood.
In BC 4th century, the Ambarri tribe
belonged to a
confederation of related tribes led at the
time by
Ambicatus of the Bituriges. The confederation included the
Ædui, Ambarri, Andes, Arverni, Aulerci, Bituriges,
Carnuti, Cenomani, Insubres, Lingones and Senones tribes.
In BC 391, two swarms of young male and
female
warriors from the confederation were led to
new lands.
Bellovesus led his warriors over the Alps to
northern Italy
and Segovesus took his people through the
Hercynian Forest
of Germany, Austria, Hungary and former
Yugoslavia.
At some time the Segusiavi, a client
tribe of the
Ædui, settled in the Gaulish territory of
the Ambarri and
took over Lugdunum as their capital. In BC 57 the
remainder of the Ambarri tribe made an
unconditional
surrender to the Romans.
The Ambarri minted their own gold coins. The Coligny
Calendar was found in the border zone
between them and the
Sequani.
CULTURE Goidel / La Tène I / La Tène III /
Belgae
COUNTRY Netherlands / Germany / France
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Rhine / Somme / Channel
CENTERS Amiens (Samarobriva)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c / BC 3rd c / BC 57 / BC 52 /
BC 51-50
LEADERS Galba (war leader) / Correus (war
leader) /
Vercingetorix (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Atrebates / Bellovaci /
Morini /
Suessiones
MAP
REF 8 - A/C
REMARKS In BC 4th century the Ambiani were a La
Tène I
tribe from the right bank of the Rhine,
spreading over to
the western side. They were related by blood to the Ædui
who
claimed to be Trojan (Goidel).
In BC 3rd century the Ambiani tribe
were pushed south
from the Rhine and settled around the mouth
of the Somme.
They formed a small confederation with the
Morini and
Atrebates.
The Ambiani minted their own coins.
In BC 57 the Ambiani, now a La Tène III
Belgae tribe,
supplied 10,000 warriors to fight the
invading Romans under
Caesar.
They had chosen a Suessiones head chieftain Galba
as their war leader. In BC 52 the tribe supplied 5000
warriors to attack the Roman rear guard that
was sieging
Vercingetorix at Alesia. In BC 51-50 the Ambiani
contributed warriors to fight under the
Bellovaci chieftain
Correus in his attempt to rid their
territory of the Roman
occupiers.
The small body of Celtic troops fought against
4 highly-trained legions of Roman
troops. They were a
small tribe but had a fighting spirit for
independence.
CULTURE Gallic / La Tène I
AFFILIATION client of the Taurisci
COUNTRY France / Austria
TERRITORY Gaul / Noricum
LANDMARKS Drave
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c / BC 3rd c
LEADERS Segovesus
SEE
ALSO Taurisci
MAP
REF 9 - A
REMARKS The Ambidravi tribe was formed from the
Gallic
warriors who followed Segovesus to eastern
Europe in BC 4th
century.
In Austria they settled the territory of Noricum
on the Drave river. Their name implies "both sides of the
Drave." In BC 3rd century they were a client tribe of the
Taurisci.
CULTURE Aremorican
COUNTRY France
REGION Brittany
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
SEE
ALSO Veneti
MAP
REF 10 - C
REMARKS The Ambiliati were allies of the Veneti
and in
BC 56 fought against the Roman invasion into
Aremorica.
CULTURE Gallic / La Tène I
AFFILIATION client of the Taurisci
COUNTRY France / Austria / Yugoslavia
TERRITORY Gaul / Noricum
LANDMARKS Isonzo / Salzach
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c
LEADERS Segovesus
SEE
ALSO Taurisci
MAP
REF 11 - A
REMARKS The Ambisontes tribe evolved from Gallic
warriors who followed Segovesus into eastern
Europe during
BC 4th century. They settled along the Isonzo river in
former Yugoslavia and along both sides of
the Salzach river
in Austria.
In BC 3rd century they were a client tribe of
the Taurisci.
CULTURE Gallic-Illyrian / La Tène I / Galatian
AFFILIATION clan of the Tolistoboii
COUNTRY Turkey
TERRITORY Galatia
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c
SEE
ALSO Tolistoboii
MAP
REF 12 - A
REMARKS In BC 3rd century, the Gallic-Illyrian
warriors
who went to Turkey as mercenaries formed
into 3 tribes with
four clans in each. The Ambituti were a clan of the
Tolistoboii tribe who settled in the south
of Galatia.
ALTERNATIVE Ambivariti
CULTURE Goidel / Gallic
AFFILIATION client of the Aedui
COUNTRY Belgium / Netherlands
REGION Brabant
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Maas
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS near Breda
AGE Iron
DATES BC 52
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Brannovices / Segusiavi
MAP
REF 13 - C
REMARKS The Ambivareti were a client tribe of
the Ædui
and their territory was on the Maas river in
Belgium and
the Netherlands. The Ambivareti developed a center near
Breda.
During the seige of Alesia they
supplied warriors for
the relief army. The tribes were joined in blood groups so
the Ambivareti, Segusiavi and Brannovices
fought under the
Ædui.
CULTURE Germani / La Tene II / Ligurian
COUNTRY Germany / France / Italy
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Emmer (Ambra) / Wesser / Main /
Mediterranean
SITES Aix
AGE Iron
DATES BC 113 / BC 109 / BC 105 / BC 103 / BC
74
SEE
ALSO Aduatuci / Cimbri / Gaesatae /
Helvetii /
Luaighni / Teutoni
MAP
REF 14 - A/C
REMARKS The name Ambrone may have been
originally
associated with the Ambra (Emmer), a
tributary of the
Wesser river. The name became associated with battle-line
foot-soldiers of the Germani similar to the
Gaesatae or the
Luaighni.
In BC 113, warriors of the Ambrones
were an elite unit
with the Teutoni when they united with the
Cimbri somewhere
around the Main river in Germany. In BC 109 the Germani
were joined by the Celtic Tigurini and
Helvetii tribes and
their clans and swarmed across the Rhine
into Gaul
searching for suitable land to settle. Before BC 105 the
Ambrones were instrumental in defeating
three Roman armies
before the allies split up and the Ambrones
and the Teutoni
headed for northern Gaul.
In BC 103, the Cimbri returned to Gaul
after two years
of looking for suitable land in Spain and
joined up with
the Teutoni and Ambrones in Belgica. Here they left behind
warriors to guard their cattle and
belongings while the
rest journeyed into Italy. The warriors left behind in
Belgica were to become the Aduatuci tribe.
The three tribes split into two armies
with the
intention of invading Italy from two
different directions.
The Teutoni and the Ambrones travelled to
southern France
where they passed through the Piedmont Alps
to Italy via
the Durance river. They were defeated by a Roman army in a
battle at Aix. Those who were not killed were taken
prisoners to serve as slaves or to amuse the
Roman
citizenry by fighting each other as
gladiators.
Some of the Ambrones settled in the
territory of the
Ligurians along the Mediterranean in
southern France and
Italy.
The Ambrones were such fierce warriors and the
Roman soldiers were so terrified of them
that the name
Ambrone became a Roman word of abuse for
centuries to come.
In BC 74 the gladiators and slaves
revolted under the
command of the Thracian Spartacus and began
to wreak havoc
throughout Italy.
ALTERNATIVE Anare / Anamari
CULTURE Gallic / La Tene I
COUNTRY France / Italy
TERRITORY Gaul / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Po river
CENTERS Broni (Comillomagus)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c / BC 223
SEE
ALSO Boii / Insubres / Salluvii
MAP
REF 15 - C
REMARKS The Ananes tribe was formed from the
Gallic
warriors who followed Bellovesus into
northern Italy during
BC 4th century. They settled south of the Po river between
the Salluvii and the Boii tribes. They called their center
Comillomagus (Broni). In BC 223 they sided with the Romans
against the Insubres but were defeated after
crossing the
Po river.
CULTURE Dacian
COUNTRY Hungary
LANDMARKS Hercynian Forest / Danube
AGE Iron
DATES BC 53
MAP
REF 16 - A
REMARKS Caesar claimed that the territory of the
Anartes
was on the eastern border of the Hercynian
Forest.
COUNTRY England
TERRITORY Lloegr
AGE Iron
DATES BC 54
MAP
REF 17 - (B) unknown location
REMARKS The Ancalites lived in southeastern
Britain and
treated with Caesar in BC 54.
ALTERNATIVE Andecavi
CULTURE Goidel / La Tène A / Aremorican
AFFILIATION clan of the Aulerci
COUNTRY France / Italy
REGION Anjou / Lombardy
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Loire / Maine / Loir / Sarthe / Mayenne
SITES Poitiers (Lemonum)
CENTERS Andes / Angers (Andegavum)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th-5th c / BC 4th c / BC 391 / BC
57-56 /
BC 52 / BC 50
LEADERS Ambicatus (Rix) / Elitovios /
Vercingetorix (war
leader) / Dumnacos
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Ambarri / Arverni /
Aulerci / Bituriges
/ Carnuti / Cenomani / Insubres / Lingones /
Senones / Pictones
MAP
REF 18 - C
REMARKS Sometime between BC 6th and 5th
centuries the
Andes, a clan of the Aulerci, settled
between the Loir and
the Loire rivers in Aremorica. They produced coins which
have been found in hoards at Glastonbury in
England.
In BC 4th century, the Andes belonged
to a
confederation of related tribes led at the
time by
Ambicatus of the Bituriges. The confederation included the
Ædui, Ambarri, Andes, Arverni, Aulerci, Bituriges,
Carnuti, Cenomani, Insubres, Lingones and Senones tribes.
In BC 391, two swarms of young male and
female
warriors from the confederation were led to
new lands. One
of the leaders, Bellovesus, took his
followers over the
Alps to northern Italy and soon after
Elitovios, a Cenomani
chieftain, followed with warriors from the
Andes and
Cenomani tribes. They established a village called Andes
near Mantua.
In the winter of BC 57-56 the Andes of
Aremorica were
forced to feed the Roman invaders who were
wintering in
their territory. The hardship caused by the food loss
combined with the forced billeting of troops
impelled the
Andes and other tribes to attack the Romans.
In BC 52 the Andes contributed warriors
to fight for
Vercingetorix and in BC 50 they followed
their chieftain
Dumnacos against the Pictones at their
oppidum of Lemonum.
ALTERNATIVE Anglii
CULTURE Germani / Germano-Celtic
AFFILIATION clan of the Suebi
COUNTRY Germany / England
REGION Schleswig-Holstein / Altmark
TERRITORY Lloegr
LANDMARKS Cimbrian Peninsula / Elbe
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 5th c / AD 7th century
SEE
ALSO Jutes / Saxons / Suebi
MAP
REF 19 - A/B
REMARKS The Angles were a tribe of Germani farmers
living on the Cimbrian Peninsula in the
Schleswig-Holstein
area and around the Elbe river in the
Altmark area. They
were a clan of the Suebi tribe and were one
of the many
Germano-Celtic people invading the
territories of the Roman
Empire.
After the Roman occupational force had
retreated from
England, the country was left defenceless
and in chaos as
tribes of Pictish and Goidel Celts attacked
its borders.
England was a country that had grown
domesticated in its
400 years of Imperial rule. A Celtic chieftain named
Vortigern invited warriors of the Germani to
settle and
help him defend his borders. During AD 5th century,
Angles, Saxons and Jutes settled throughout
England
searching for good farming land.
The Angles intermingled with the local
Celtic
population of the countryside as they
settled along the
eastern coast and began to spread
inland. Unlike the
Celts, who had spent 400 years under Roman
rule and had
lost their tribal identity, the Angles had
the drive of a
conquering people. The Angles became the prevalent
military force from East Anglia to Wales and
north to
Scotland.
Not all of the Celtic population looked
favourably on
the new settlers and joined together to
fight them. After
years of fighting, the Germani settled in
and began to
farm, mixing with the larger Celtic
population and in time
they also came under the sway of the
powerful new Roman
religion.
The Latin-speaking Celts regained control
through the church and through
administration of the
country.
Eventually the two groups mixed
together and by AD 7th
century the Germano-Celtic population was
the dominant
force in England except for Celtic Cornwall,
Wales and
isolated areas of northwestern England. Out of the fusion
of peoples, the English language was born
and around this
time the Germano-Celtic epic Beowulf was
written in
Northumbria. The invading Germans gave the English a high
ratio of blood type A while the Celtic
population gave a
high ratio of blood types B, AB and O.
EPITHET The People of Tara
ALTERNATIVE Autariatae
CULTURE Illyrian
COUNTRY Yugoslavia / Bulgaria
REGION Dalmatia / Hercegovina
TERRITORY Illyricum
LANDMARKS Balkan Peninsula / Tara / Drina / Narenta
/
Morava
CENTERS Tariona
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c / BC 393 / BC 310 / BC 3rd c
LEADERS Antaricos / Illyrios / Pannonios
MAP
REF 20 - A
REMARKS The Illyrian tribe the Antariatae were
settled
around the river Tara, a tributary of the
Drina, and their
capital was called Tariona. The eponymous chieftain of the
tribe was Antaricos, son of Illyrios and the
father of
Pannonios.
During BC 4th century, the Antariatae were the most
powerful tribe of Illyrians and their
territory reached
along the Dalmatian coast of former
Yugoslavia to the mouth
of the Narenta and inland into present-day
Bulgaria. In BC
393, Antariatae warriors deposed the
Macedonian chieftain
Amyntas II and forced a tribute from his
people. They
captured the salt deposits from their
neighbors the Vardaei
on the Narenta river and drove out the
Triballi tribe from
the upper Morava river valley.
In BC 310, disaster struck the
Antariatae in the form
of a Celtic swarm. Molistomos, a Celtic war leader,
invaded and drove them into the arms of the
Macedonians.
The Macedonians beat them but allowed the
survivors to
settle in the area.
The Antariatae were superb horse warriors and rode
with the Celts during their BC 3rd century
campaign into
Greece and Turkey, where they helped form
the Galatian
people.
CULTURE Tartessian ? / Goidel ? / Pictish ?
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
LANDMARKS Adour / Gabas / Gave d'Oloron / Bay of
Biscay
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 12th c ?
MAP
REF 21 - C
REMARKS The Aquitani tribe was settled across
the Gave
d'Oloron, Gabas and Adour rivers. The suffix "-itani"
suggests that the ancient tribe may have
been of the
Tartessian culture and could date as far
back as BC 12th
century.
At this time the Goidel culture was
already
established along the Atlantic coast and the
Pictish
culture had settled into Gual. The Aquitani mined for
copper and other precious metals.
ALTERNATIVE Aravisci / Eravisci
CULTURE Gallic
COUNTRY Hungary
TERRITORY Pannonia
LANDMARKS Danube
AGE Iron
DATES BC 2nd c
SEE
ALSO Osi / Scordisci
MAP
REF 22 - A
REMARKS The Arauisci were Gallic Celts who had
settled
on the west bank of the Danube near
present-day Budapest.
They were situated south of the Scordisci
territory and
across the river from the Osi tribe.
The Arauisci were lowland farmers and
produced their
own coinage which has been found in quantity
in Mortara,
Italy, south of Milan.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt / Iberian / La Tène II /
Belgae
/ Celtiberian
AFFILIATION Vaccaei (clan)
COUNTRY Spain
REGION Castilla-y-Leon
LANDMARKS Duero
SITES Burgos / Segovia / Soria
CENTERS Numancia (Numantia) / Segovia / Clunia
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 4th-3rd c / BC 3rd c /
BC 137 /
BC 134-133 / BC 90
LEADERS Avaros / Rheotogenes
SEE
ALSO Vaccaei / Vettones
MAP
REF 23 - D
REMARKS The Arevaci were highland cattle herders
who
settled by the headwaters of the Duero river
with centers
at Numantia (Numancia), Segovia and
Clunia. The fierce
warriors of the Arevaci tribe were a fusion
of Early
Hallstatt Celts (BC 6th century), Iberians
(BC 4th-3rd
century) and La Tène II Belgae (BC 3rd
century). To their
west, the Arevaci had a clan called the
Vaccaei. The
Arevaci, the Vaccaei and/or the Vettones
were responsible
for the numerous large stone sculptures of
bulls, boars and
bears that have been found in the territory
such as those
in Burgos, Segovia and Soria. The tribal name probably
refers to their association with cattle.
The Arevaci tribe, under Avaros, was a
major player in
the resistance to the Roman invasion of the
Iberian
peninsula.
Not only were they fierce warriors but they
also used the falcata style of sword with
which they
wreaked such destruction that the Romans had
to beg for
permission to reinforce their shields and
modify their
uniforms.
After a 20-year resistance, including
the defeat of an
entire Roman army in BC 137, warriors of the
Arevaci made
the mistake of holding up in their castro at
Numantia.
After a 15-month siege (BC 134-133) 20,000
men, women and
children finally committed mass suicide
rather than submit
to Roman imperialism.
The fall of Numantia was a devastating
blow to the
Celtic resistance and enabled Rome to
increase its
domination of the Iberian peninsula. In BC 90 the Arevaci
once again rebelled, but without sufficient
force to throw
off the Roman yoke.
CULTURE Goidel / Aremorican / La Tène III
COUNTRY France
REGION Brittany
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 1st c
SEE
ALSO Menapii / Morini
MAP
REF 24 - C
REMARKS The Armorici were early settlers to the
territory and either took their name from or
gave their
name to the territory which meant
"country by the sea".
Iman Wilkens suggests Brittany was also
referred to as
Thrace during the Bronze Age. The early Goidel had contact
with the Thracians of the Mediterranean.
By the time of the Roman invasion of
Gaul in BC 1st
century the Armorici controlled a large
portion of
Aremorica.
Throughout the invasion the Armorici, Menapii
and Morini tribes always supported each
other.
ALTERNATIVE Artabros / Arotrebae
CULTURE Goidel
AFFILATION Lusitani confederation
COUNTRY Spain / Ireland
REGION Galicia
LANDMARKS Artabro Gulf / Artabrorum Portus / Cabo
Finisterra / Miño
SITES Artabro
CENTERS A Corunna (Brigantium) / Acobriga /
Ardobriga
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 16th c / BC 15 c / BC 2nd c
LEADERS Bile / Golamh / Donn / Viriato (war
leader)
SEE
ALSO Lusitani
MAP
REF 25 - A/D
REMARKS The Artabri were Goidel Celts who were
settled
north of the Miño river in present-day
Galicia with
Acobriga, Ardobriga and Brigantium (A Corunna) as centers,
and a sacred site at Artabro (Cabo Finisterra). The group
of estuaries guarded by A Corunna is still
called the
Artabro Gulf. During BC 16th century, Bile was a head
chieftain of the tribe. In ancient times
the land of the
Artabri was known as a good source of tin.
The Artabri were a sea-roving people
and supplied
mercenaries to fight in Thrace and Egypt
under a chieftain
named Golamh. Iman Wilkens suggests that Egypt was the
Bronze Age name for Normandy in France and
that there were
four places with the name of Thrace: East
Anglia, Brittany,
northern Netherlands and the French Alps by
the river Drac.
At that time there was also a fair amount of
involvement in
the area of present-day Egypt by Celtic
mercenaries.
The Artabri, led by their chieftain
Donn, invaded
Ireland during BC 15th century. They fought and defeated
warriors of the Danann, becoming the ruling
people despite
their small population.
In BC 2nd century during the Roman
invasion of Spain
and Portugal, the Artabri were members of
the Lusitani
confederation, fighting under the war leader
Viriato.
CULTURE Goidel (Trojan) / La Tène I / Gallic
AFFILIATION Cadurci (clan) / Gabali and Vellavi
(clients)
COUNTRY Germany / France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Cher / Creuse / Vienne / Dordogne / Indre
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Gergovia (oppidum)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 12th-8th c / BC 4th c / BC 391 / BC
120 /
BC 103 / BC 58 / BC 52 / BC 51
DEITIES Mabon
LEADERS Ambicatus (Rix) / Vercingetorix / Comm
(war
leader) / Vercassivellaunus / Critognatos /
Bituitus
SEE ALSO Ædui / Ambarri / Andes / Arverni /
Atrebates /
Aulerci / Bituriges / Cadurci /
Carnuti /
Cenomani / Cimbri / Gabali / Helvii / Insubres /
Lingones / Salyes / Senones /
Sequani / Teutoni
/ Vellavi
MAP
REF 26 - A/C
REMARKS Sometime between BC 12th and 8th
centuries, the
Arverni left Germany and settled a territory
in the
heartland of Gaul. Their land included the headwaters of
numerous rivers including the Cher, Creuse,
Vienne,
Dordogne and Indre. The Arverni tribe, who claimed descent
from the Trojans, had a large number of
horse warriors and
buried their dead in tumuli. In later years they minted
coins.
By BC 4th century the Arverni belonged
to a
confederation of related tribes led at the
time by
Ambicatus of the Bituriges. The confederation included the
Ædui, Ambarri, Andes, Arverni, Aulerci, Bituriges,
Carnuti, Cenomani, Insubres, Lingones and Senones tribes.
In BC 391, two swarms of young male and
female
warriors from the confederation were led to
new lands.
Bellovesus led his warriors over the Alps to
northern Italy
and Segovesus took his people through the
Hercynian Forest
of Germany, Austria, Hungary and former
Yugoslavia.
In BC 120, Bituitus took 20,000
warriors and avenged
the Salyes who had been attacked by the
Romans. In BC 103,
the Cimbri and Teutoni laid them under siege
when they
passed through their territory. In BC 58, the Arverni and
the Sequani invited Germani tribes to help
them in the war
against the Ædui for supremacy of Gaul. All three tribes
claimed to descend from the Trojan (Goidel).
In BC 52 the Carnuti captured the Roman
town of
Cenabum which inspired their great Celtic
hero
Vercingetorix to raise an army to drive out
the Roman
invaders.
The Arverni defeated the Romans in a pitched
battle at Gergovia, their oppidum.
The Arverni, Cadurci, Gabali and
Vellavi tribes
supplied 35,000 warriors for the relief army
of Alesia
under the command of Comm of the
Atrebates. Another
Arverni chieftain, Vercassivellaunus, became
a hero during
the battle of Alesia. During that battle, warriors from
the Arverni and Gabali tribes were sent into
the territory
of the Helvii to burn their crops and
deprive the Romans of
possible food.
The Arverni were a tribe who suffered
greatly in their
attempt to stay free. Their warriors were fighting against
a well-disciplined army of professional
soldiers who were
better armed and organized. The Arverni were wise enough
to adopt a hit-and-hide technique of
warfare.
ALTERNATIVE Asturs
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / Spain
REGION Bavaria / Bohemia / Asturias
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Bay of Biscay
CENTERS Coaña / Mohias
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 29
DEITIES Busgosu?
SEE
ALSO Cantabri / Lusitani
MAP
REF 27 - A/D
REMARKS The Astures were a part of the Early
Hallstatt
expansion that left the Bavarian-Bohemian
homeland and
migrated into Gaul, some continuing over the
mountains or
by water into Spain and Portugal. By BC 6th century the
tribe occupied castros (forts) such as Coaña
and Mohias
near Navia on the coast of the Bay of
Biscay.
The Astures were a horse-riding
highland cattle people
who lived in circular huts of stone drywall
construction.
Their warrior class consisted of males and
females and both
sexes were considered by all standards to be
very fierce
fighters.
The Roman invasion of northern Spain
around BC 29
against the Astures and Cantabri tribes
proved to be so
difficult that the emperor himself was
needed to bolster
the failing courage of the 7 legions and a
naval squadron.
The Astures were subdued by the Romans
but were never
conquered, and their tribal way of life was
changed very
little.
They may have venerated the deity Busgosu.
CULTURE Aremorican
COUNTRY France
REGION Normandy
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
LANDMARKS Orne
AGE Iron
DATES BC 57-56
DEITIES Esus
SEE
ALSO Esubii
MAP
REF 28 - C
REMARKS The tribal territory of the Atesuii was
around
the headwaters of the Orne river in
Normandy, France. The
Atesuii and the Esubii both venerated the
god Esus and
claimed to have descended from him.
EPITHET The Settlers
ALTERNATIVE Atrevates
CULTURE La Tène II / Belgae / La Tène III
AFFILIATION Morini (client)
COUNTRY Netherlands / Germany / Belgium / France
/
England
REGION Berkshire / Hampshire
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica / Lloegr
LANDMARKS Scheldt / Leie / Channel / Thames
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Nemetocenna / Silchester (Calleva
Atrebatum)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c / BC 3rd-2nd c / BC 57 / BC
52 /
BC 51-50 / AD 20-41 / AD 43
LEADERS Galba (war leader) / Comm / Verica
SEE
ALSO Ambiani / Bellovaci / Cantii /
Catuvellauni /
Iceni / Morini / Nervi / Regni / Suessiones
/ Trinovantes
MAP
REF 29 - C/B
REMARKS The Atrebates moved across the Rhine
into Gaul
in BC 3rd century. They travelled with the Ambiani and
Morini tribes, settled a territory across
the Leie and the
Scheldt rivers and formed a confederation of
tribes of the
La Tène II culture. The tribe made a center at
Nemetocenna.
Other warriors of the tribe sailed
across the Channel
with warriors of the Catuvellauni and Cantii
tribes and
settled in southeastern England sometime
between BC 3rd and
2nd centuries. They had a center at Calleva Atrebatum
(present-day Silchester).
When Caesar invaded Belgica in BC 57,
the Atrebates
supplied 15,000 warriors to fight under
Galba, the head
chieftain of the Suessiones. They also contributed 10,000
warriors to help the Nervi fight against
Rome. They
contributed 4,000 warriors for the battle of
Alesia under
the command of their chieftain Comm in BC
52.
Some of the Atrebates fought for the
Bellovaci in BC
51-50 against Rome, again under Comm. The tribe as a whole
stayed out of the fight but a large group of
horse warriors
fought a guerrilla war, ambushing the Romans
and seizing
baggage and food supplies.
In BC 50, Comm rebelled against Caesar
and took his
followers to England, mixing with the
Atrebates who were
settled south of the Thames. The tribe minted coins, some
of which portrayed the head of Comm. From AD 20-41, Verica
was a chieftain.
In AD 41 Caratacus became the head
chieftain of the
nearby Catuvellauni tribe and conquered the
Atrebates,
making them a client tribe. The political situation lured
Caesar to England and he invaded the south
in AD 43. After
the conquest of England by the Romans, the
Atrebates,
Cantii, Iceni, Regni and Trinovantes tribes
were grouped
together in one province.
CULTURE La Tène A / Aremorican
AFFILIATION Andes, Brannovices, Diablintes and
Eburovices (clans) / Cenomani
(client)
COUNTRY Germany / France / Italy / Hungary /
Yugoslavia
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica / Cisalpine Gaul /
Pannonia
LANDMARKS Sarthe / Huisne
SITES Paris
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th / BC 4th c / BC 391 / BC 57 /
BC 56 /
BC 52 / BC 51-50
LEADERS Ambicatus (Rix) / Viridovix (war leader)
/
Camulogenos / Vercingetorix (war
leader)
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Ambarri / Andes /
Arverni / Aulerci /
Bellovaci / Bituriges / Brannovices / Carnuti /
Cenomani / Diablintes /
Eburovices / Insubres /
Lingones / Senones / Sequani /
Turoni / Venelli
MAP
REF 30 - C
REMARKS During BC 6th century, warriors of the
Aulerci
tribe and their clans left Germany and
settled in western
France at the headwaters of the Sarthe and
Huisne. The
tribe minted coins which have been found at
sites in the
Channel Islands. The Ædui, Ambarri, Aulerci, Carnuti,
Lingones, Senones, Sequani and Turoni were
all related by
blood.
By BC 4th century, the Aulerci belonged
to a
confederation of related tribes led at the
time by
Ambicatus of the Bituriges. The confederation included the
Ædui, Ambarri, Andes, Arverni, Aulerci, Bituriges,
Carnuti, Cenomani, Insubres, Lingones, and Senones tribes.
In BC 391, two swarms of young male and
female
warriors from the confederation were led to
new lands.
Bellovesus led his warriors over the Alps to
northern Italy
and Segovesus took his people through the
Hercynian Forest
of Germany, Austria, Hungary and former
Yugoslavia.
In BC 57 Aremorica was invaded by the
Romans and in BC
56 the Aulerci fought them under the Venelli
chieftain
Viridovix.
In BC 52 the Aulerci chieftain Camulogenos led
a number of tribes against the Romans at
Paris. The
Aulerci were one of the first tribes to
support
Vercingetorix in his fight to rid Gaul of
the Roman
invaders.
In BC 51-50 they also supported the Bellovaci in
their fight against the Romans.
CULTURE Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
LANDMARKS Adour
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
SEE
ALSO Sontiati
MAP
REF 31 - C
REMARKS The territory of the Ausci was in the
area of
the Adour river. The tribe contributed warriors to fight
the invading Romans during the summer of BC
56 after the
Sontiati had been defeated.
CULTURE Belgae / La Tène II / Tartessian ?
COUNTRY Spain
REGION Catalonia
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Ter / Onar
CENTERS near Gerona (Sebeldunum)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c
MAP
REF 32 - D
REMARKS The Ausetani were a tribe of the La Tène
II
Belgae who forced their way through southern
Gaul and into
Spain during BC 3rd century. They settled in Catalonia and
built a fortified town called Sebeldunum
near modern-day
Gerona at the confluence of the Onar and Ter
rivers.
The suffix "-etani" implies a
link with the Tartessian
culture who would have been after the rich
deposits of
copper, lead and iron in the area.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / Spain
REGION Bohemia / Bavaria
LANDMARKS Ebro river
CENTERS Deobriga / Uxama Barca
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c
SEE
ALSO Berones
MAP
REF 33 - A/D
REMARKS The Autrigones tribe was a part of the
Early
Hallstatt expansion that migrated from
Bavaria-Bohemia to
Spain.
They settled near the Berones tribe on the Ebro
river in Spain. Deobriga and Uxama Barca were two of their
centers.
CULTURE Pictish / La Tène A / Aremorican
COUNTRY Germany / France
REGION Normandy
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
LANDMARKS Orne river
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c
SEE ALSO Cassi / Dii Casses / Tricasses /
Veliocasses /
Viducasses
MAP REF 34 - C
REMARKS The Brythonic-speaking Baiocasses were
related
to the Cassi, Dii Casses, Tricasses,
Veliocasses, and
Viducasses tribes. They left their German homeland in BC
6th century in search of new land to settle,
spreading the
La Tène A culture. The tribe settled around the mouth
of
the Orne river in Normandy, downriver from
the Viducasses.
They minted their own coins which have been
discovered at
sites on the Channel Islands.
ALTERNATIVE Mastieni
CULTURE Thracian / Tartessian
COUNTRY Spain
REGION Almeria / Murcia
LANDMARKS Mediterranean
CENTERS Adra / Cartagena (Mastia)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 12th c / BC 6th c / BC 242
SEE
ALSO Bistones
MAP
REF 35 - D
REMARKS The territory of the Bastetani was first
settled
in BC 12th century by Bithynian Thracians of
the Bistones
tribe from Turkey. They made their center at Adra in
Almeria.
The Bastetani tribe became a part of the
Tartessian culture of Spain and Portugal.
In BC 6th century, the Bastetani had a
settlement at
Mastia in Murcia. Their territory was along the coast of
the Mediterranean and was roughly from
Alicante to Malaga.
In BC 242 Hasdrubal, a chieftain of the
Carthaginians,
conquered land in Spain from the Bastetani
tribe and
changed the name of their city Mastia to
Nova Carthago
(Cartagena).
ALTERNATIVE Batavians
CULTURE Belgae / La Tène III
COUNTRY Netherlands
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica / Batavia
LANDMARKS Waal / Rhine
CENTERS Lugdunum Batavorum (near Leyden)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 55
DEITIES Lugh
SEE
ALSO Batavi / Nemetes / Triboci /
Vangiones
MAP
REF 36 - C
REMARKS The Batavians lived on an island formed
by the
Waal and Rhine rivers. During the Roman occupation, the
Batavi, Nemetes, Triboci and the Vangiones
settlements were
made into civitates.
ALTERNATIVE Berybraces / Beribraces
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / Spain
REGION Bavaria / Bohemia / Aragon /
Castilla-La Mancha
/ Valencia
LANDMARKS Douro / Tagus / Guadiana / Turia
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c
LEADERS Bebryx
MAP
REF 37 - A/D
REMARKS The Bebryces tribe were a part of the
Early
Hallstatt expansion of BC 6th century that
left their
homeland in Czech-Germany and descended
south through the
Pyrenees mountains and into Spain.
They settled around the headwaters of
the Duero,
Tagus, Guadiana and Turia rivers. They were cattle herders
and lived mainly on milk, fatty cheese and
meat. Their
name implies that they were also associated
with the beaver
(bebros).
CULTURE La Tène I / La Tène II / Belgae / La
Tène III
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Oise / Somme
SITES Saint-Maur / Gournay-sur-Aronde /
Paris / Alise
Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Bratuspante (Bratuspantium) / Beauvais
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c / BC 57 / BC 52 / BC 51-50 / BC
46
LEADERS Correus / Galba (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Remi / Suessiones
MAP
REF 38 - B
REMARKS The Brythonic-speaking Bellovaci did not
move
across the Rhine until BC 4th century, when
they settled by
the Oise and the Somme rivers. The tribe had sacred sites
at Saint-Maur and Gournay-sur-Aronde. They later minted
their own gold coins.
When Caesar invaded Belgica in BC 57,
the Bellovaci
were the strongest of the Belgae tribes and
contributed
100,000 troops to fight under Galba, the
head chieftain of
the Suessiones. 60,000 of these warriors were hand-picked.
During the battle, Caesar had the Remi tribe
raid the
Bellovaci homeland and when the warriors
were informed,
they stopped fighting and left to defend
their homes.
Caesar attacked them from behind, killing
many of them.
When Caesar had won his battle against
the Belgae, the
Bellovaci gathered at Bratuspantium, their
oppidum near
present-day Breteuil, and negotiated peace
with Caesar.
Divitiacus, an Æduan chieftain, spoke well
for the
Bellovaci to Caesar. He assured Caesar that the chieftains
who had involved the Bellovaci warriors in
the conflict had
fled to England.
In BC 52 the Bellovaci tribe contributed
warriors to
fight the Romans during the battle at Paris,
and during the
siege of Alesia they provided 10,000
warriors.
During Caesar's Bellovacan campaign in
BC 51-50, the
Bellovaci chieftain Correus proved to be a
hero and great
leader.
In BC 46 the Bellovaci revolted against Roman
oppression.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / France / Spain
REGION Bohemia / Bavaria / Aragon
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Ebro
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c
SEE
ALSO Autrigones
MAP
REF 39 - A/D
REMARKS The Berones were a part of the Early
Hallstatt
expansion who left their homeland in
present-day Czech-
Germany and settled in Gaul. Some of the tribe moved over
the Pyrenees mountains into Spain, where
they settled along
the Ebro river near the Autrigones tribe.
COUNTRY England
TERRITORY Lloegr
AGE Iron
DATES BC 54
MAP
REF 40 - (B) unknown location
REMARKS The Bibroci of southeastern England agreed not
to fight Caesar in BC 54 when he was in
Britain.
CULTURE Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
DEITIES Beissirissa
SEE
ALSO Sontiati
MAP
REF 41 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Bigerriones venerated a goddess
called
Beissirissa. In the summer of BC 56, after the defeat of
the Sontiati, the Bigerriones contributed
warriors to fight
the invading Romans.
CULTURE Thracian
COUNTRY Turkey / Spain
TERRITORY Bithynia
LANDMARKS Strait of Bosporus
CENTERS Polystilo or Asperosa (Abdera) / Adra
(Abdera)
AGE Bronze
DATES BC 12th c
SEE ALSO Bastetani
MAP
REF 42 - A/D
REMARKS The Bistones were Thracians who had
settled on
the Asia Minor side of the Strait of
Bosporus. They are
linked to the Bastetani, one of the founding
cultures of
the Tartessian culture in Spain around BC
12th century.
In the territory of the Tartessians is
the present-day
town of Adra (Abdera) which bore the same
ancient name as a
town in Bithynia. The Bithynian center was at the site of
either present-day Polystilo or Asporus in
Turkey.
EPITHET Leaders of the World
CULTURE Goidel / La Tène I / Gallic / La Tène
III
AFFILIATION Cubi and Vivisci (clans)
COUNTRY Germany / Austria / Yugoslavia / Hungary
/
France / Italy
REGION Auvergne
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Loire / Indre / Creuse / Vienne
SITES Seckau / Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Bourges (Avaricum) / Nouan (Noviodunum)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 12th-9th c / BC 4th c / BC 391 / BC
52
DEITIES Teutates
LEADERS Ambicatus (Rix) / Bellovesus / Segovesus
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Ambarri / Andes /
Arverni / Aulerci /
Carnuti / Cenomani / Cubi / Insubres / Lingones
/ Senones / Vivisci
MAP REF 43 - A/C
REMARKS Warriors of the Bituriges tribe left the
Goidel
Homeland in Germany and settled in southern
France between
the Indre and Creuse rivers sometime between
BC 12th and
9th centuries. They buried their dead in tumuli and most
likely still spoke Q-Celt. They had two clans called the
Bituriges Cubi and the Bituriges Vivisci
which later became
independent tribes.
By BC 4th century the Bituriges were
part of a
confederation of related tribes, led at the
time by
Ambicatus of their own tribe. The confederation also
included the Ædui, Ambarri, Andes, Arverni,
Aulerci,
Carnuti, Cenomani, Insubres, Lingones and
Senones tribes.
Because Gaul was overcrowded at the
time, Ambicatus
decided that his sister's sons should pick
the best young
male and female warriors from the
confederation to
accompany them on a march for new
lands. The direction
they should take would be chosen by the
gods.
In BC 391, Bellovesus led his warriors
over the Alps
to northern Italy and Segovesus took his
people through the
Hercynian Forest of Germany, Austria,
Hungary and former
Yugoslavia.
They carried the veneration of Teutates with
them, as evidenced by the site at Seckau.
In BC 1st century, the Roman army
invaded the
Bituriges of Gaul with the intentions of
conquering and
subjecting its people to an absentee
government. This was
a concept the Celtic people could not
totally grasp but
they fought bravely as warriors against an
army.
During Vercingetorix's fight for
freedom in BC 52, he
was advocating the "scorched
earth" policy, burning crops
and oppida.
The Bituriges begged the other Gauls not to
set fire to Avaricum (Bourges) because it
was the most
beautiful center in all of Gaul, and they
decided to defend
it against Caesar.
The Romans wanted the lush territory of
the Bituriges
in order to exploit its fertile soil, and
besieged the
tribe at Avaricum. During the siege, the Bituriges dug
tunnels to undermine the Roman siege
equipment and Roman
tunnels.
They used fire-hardened sharpened stakes, boiling
pitch and large rock boulders to block the
Roman tunnels.
On the walls of the oppidum, the
Bituriges built hide-
covered towers to keep their warriors higher
than the siege
towers.
Warriors would stand in the open and throw tallows
of pitch into the fires around the Roman
towers to make
them burn better. As fast as the Roman archers shot a
warrior, another would take his or her place
until they
were shot.
This would continue until the Romans finally
extinguished the fire.
During a fierce rainstorm, the Romans
attacked the
oppidum and forced their way inside the
fortress wall. The
Romans slaughtered men, women, and children
and out of the
40,000 people only 800 escaped.
During the siege of Alesia, the
Bituriges sent 12,000
warriors against the Romans. After the fall of Alesia,
Caesar led a winter attack against the
Bituriges. He
caught them by surprise and they were
finally forced to
submit to Rome.
CULTURE Gallic
AFFILIATION client of the Ædui
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 52
SEE
ALSO Ædui
MAP
REF 44 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Blannovii supplied warriors to
attack the
rear of Caesar's forces during the battle of
Alesia in BC
52.
ALTERNATIVE Boians / Boji
CULTURE Goidel / Early Hallstatt / Aquitani /
Gallic /
La Tene III
COUNTRY Germany / Czech / Slovakia / France /
Poland
Switzerland / Italy / Turkey
TERRITORY Bohemia / Moravia / Gaul / Aquitanica /
Silesia
LANDMARKS Rhine / Upper Danube / Theiss / Bassin
d'Arcachon / Allier / Loire /
Jura / Po Valley /
Adda / Ticino / Apennines
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Gorgobina / Lodi (Laus Pompeia) /
Wolkersdorf
(Meliodunum) / Brunn (Eburodunum)
/ Milan
(Mediolanum) / Breig (Budorigum)
/ Liegnitz /
Bologna (Bononia) / Mutina / Parma
AGE Iron
DATES BC 7th c / BC 6th c / BC 4th c / BC
299 / BC 225
/ BC 219-218 / BC 191 / BC 113 /
BC 1st c / BC
58 / BC 52 / AD 68
LEADERS Atis / Galatos / Critasirus
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Cimbri / Cotini /
Helvetii / Insubres /
Lingones / Senones / Tulingi /
Volcae
MAP
REF 45 - A/C
REMARKS The homeland of the Boii was in the
upper
"Celtic Cradle" on the right bank
of the Rhine in central
western Germany near a settlement of the
Lingones. Their
tribal name suggests an association with
bulls or oxen and
their choice of friends and territories
suggest they were
Goidel.
Some tribes were a mixture of both Goidel and the
Brythonic.
Early in BC 7th century, clans of the
Boii swarmed
eastward into Bohemia and Moravia in Czech,
giving their
name to Bohemia. Their new territory had the Volcae tribe
to the west and the Cotini nearby in
Silesia.
During BC 6th century, warriors of the
Boii left their
homeland in Germany and travelled across
Gaul to the Bay of
Biscay in Aquitanica where they settled on
the Bassin
d'Arcachon.
In BC 398, warriors of the Boii and
Lingones tribes
left their territory and crossed the Pennine
Alps by way of
the St Gotthard or Simplon Pass with their
herds, flocks,
pack animals, chariots and wagons carrying
mothers,
children and goods.
With the help of the Insubres and the
Senones, the
Boii drove the Etruscans and the Umbrians
out of an area of
northern Italy. They settled north of the Po between the
Adda and Ticino rivers in the present-day
Lodi region,
founding a capital called Laus Pompeia
(Lodi). Warriors
from the Boii and Lingones tribes also
crossed the Po. The
Boii settled the plain between Parma and
Bologna under the
Apennines, while the Lingones settled the
area of Lower
Emilia.
The Boii settlements in Italy grew to include 112
clans.
During the first half of BC 4th
century, the Celtic
tribes of northern Italy raided and captured
Rome itself a
number of times. Later, when the Celts of the Cisalpine
region were under threat from the expanding
Roman
influence, the Boii called upon their people
across the
Alps to come to their aid. In BC 299 two chieftains named
Atis and Galatos led some Boii warriors
across the Alps and
ended up in a scrap with the Celts of the Po
Valley in
which both chiefs were killed.
In BC 225, another army led by the Celtic chieftains
Aneroestus, Concolitanos and Britomartus
crossed the Alps
and invaded northwestern Italy with a force
of 50,000 foot
and 20,000 horse and chariot warriors. They were defeated,
and the next year the Boii were beaten by
the Romans and
submitted.
In BC 219-218 the Boii of Italy invited
Hannibal to
invade Italy, then for some reason refused
to help him and
he lost.
In BC 191, the Boii were beaten by the Romans
again and over the next few years they lost
the three
cities of Bononia (Bologna), Mutina, and
Parma. Among the
booty stolen by the Romans were 1,471 gold
torcs and 2,340
pounds of silver goods. Exasperated with Roman oppression,
the majority of the Boii crossed over the
Alps towards
their old homeland looking for new territory
where they
could be free.
In BC 113 the Boii of Bohemia were
attacked by the
Cimbri, who were on their southern
advancement, but they
drove them out of their territory, steering
them toward the
Volcae.
The Boii had many centers such as
Meliodunum
(Wolkersdorf) north of Vienna, Eburodunum
(Brunn / Brno) in
Moravia, Mediolanum (Milan), Budorigum
(Breig) and Liegnitz
(Legnica) in Silesia and by BC 1st century
they influenced
all of Czech and Slovakia from Bohemia to
the Theiss. They
also minted their own coins.
The Boii chieftain Critasirus went to
war with the
Dacians over a dispute of the Theiss border
and lost. The
Boii were then pushed out of their territory
and retreated
to the south of the Danube. Their disappearance from
Bohemia around BC 58 created the
"Desert of the Boii".
These were probably the Boii who in BC 58
were settled
around Belfort by the Rhine and Jura Mountains
in
Switzerland. The tribe consisted of 32,000 and they became
involved in a migration planned by the
Helvetii. The Boii
and the Tulingi tribes supplied a rear guard
of 15,000
warriors.
The migration turned into a slaughter when
Caesar attacked the Celts. The surviving Boii were allowed
to settle in the territory of the Ædui who
gave them full
rights and privileges, suggesting an old
connection. Their
territory in central France was between the
Loire and the
Allier with their center at the oppidum of
Gorgobina near
the confluence of the two rivers.
Caesar ordered the Boii to supply grain
to the Roman
army during their campaign of Gaul. The Boii protested
that they were a small weak tribe with
limited resources,
and therefore could not supply the
grain. However, during
the battle of Alesia in BC 52, the Boii did
manage to
contribute 2,000 warriors to fight the
Romans.
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Grampian
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 80
MAP
REF 46 - B
REMARKS By AD 80 the Boresti tribe was known to
be
settled in Grampian, Scotland.
ALTERNATIVE Braca / Bracarenses / Bracaros
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
AFFILIATION Grovii (clan) / Lusitani confederation
COUNTRY Portugal
REGION Galicia / Entre-Douro-e-Minho
TERRITORY Lusitania
LANDMARKS Atlantic / Minho / Douro
CENTERS Braga / Caladunum
AGE Iron
DATES BC 7th c / BC 2nd c
LEADERS Viriato (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Grovii / Lusitani
MAP
REF 47 - D
REMARKS In BC 7th century the Bracari had
settlements
around the Minho and south of the Douro
rivers with centers
at Braga and Caladunum. They were cattle herders and the
etymology of their name suggest they wore
pants or trousers
as would horse warriors. Female warriors of the tribe were
noted for their bravery.
During BC 2nd century, the Bracari were
one of the
tribes included in the confederation under
the Lusitani,
fighting against the Roman invaders under
the leadership of
Viriato.
ALTERNATIVE Aulerci Brannovices
CULTURE Goidel / Gallic / La Tène III
AFFILIATION clan of the Aulerci / client of the Ædui
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 52
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Ambivareti / Aulerci /
Segusiavi
MAP
REF 48 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Brannovices were a clan of the
Aulerci and
became a client tribe of the Ædui who were
of the same
blood line.
During the seige of Alesia they
supplied warriors for
the relief army. The tribes were joined in blood groups so
the Brannovices, Ambivareti and Segusiavi
fought under the
Ædui.
ALTERNATIVE Burgondiones
CULTURE Pictish / La Tène A / Briton
AFFILIATION Achaeans
COUNTRY Germany / Switzerland / England /
Ireland
REGION Yorkshire / Nottinghamshire / Bavaria
TERRITORY Gaul / Lloegr
LANDMARKS Alps / Bodensee (Lacus Brigantinus) / Tyne
/
Tees / Greta
CENTERS Bregenz (Brigantium) / Kempten
(Cambodunum) /
York (Eboracum) / Barwick /
Stanwick / Waterford
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 15th-13th c / BC 6th c / AD 1st c /
AD 71
DEITIES Aericura / Aericuros / Brighid /
Belisama /
Cocidos / Vernostonos
LEADERS Hu Gardarn / Cartimandua / Venutios
SEE
ALSO Cauci / Menapii
MAP
REF 49 - A/B
REMARKS The Brigantes were one of the tribes led
across
the continent from Turkey by Hu Gardarn
sometime between BC
15th-13th century. Part of the tribe settled in Upper
Bavaria and Switzerland with centers at
Brigantium
(Bregenz) near the lake known as Lacus
Brigantinus
(Bodensee) and at Cambodunum (Kempten). Wilkens identifies
Bodensee as Homer's Rhodes, suggesting that
the Brigantes
who migrated from that area to northern
Britain were most
likely part of the Achaean force that
besieged Troy
(Gogmagog Hills).
After the Trojan War, warriors of the
Brigantes in
England settled in the regions of
Nottinghamshire and
Yorkshire with a center at Cambodunum
between Chester and
York.
They also had a center at Eboracum (York) and
eventually built hillforts at Barwick and
Stanwick. The
old Goidel island now came under control of
the invaders
and became known as the Pretani Island (Ynys
Prydain) or
the Island of the Picts.
The Brigantes were Brythonic-speaking
P-Celts. The
Danann goddess Brighid (Brigantia) may have
been their
tribal goddess, and they also venerated the
deities
Aericura, Aericuros, Belisama, Cocidos and Vernostonos.
In BC 6th century, warriors of the Brigantes
tribe
settled in Ireland with Waterford as their
center. Two
centuries later, warriors of the Menapii
tribe settled at
Wexford and the Cauci tribe settled to their
north in
Wicklow.
During AD 1st century, the Brigantes
fought a civil
war with the pro-Roman faction under the
chieftain
Cartimandua and the other faction under her
husband, the
chieftain Venutios. He succeeded in winning over most of
the tribe but was finally defeated in AD 71
by the Romans,
with the help of horse warriors from Germani
tribes, at a
hillfort near modern-day Stanwick. The descendants of the
Brigantes are still the prevalent people of
modern
Yorkshire, giving the region's inhabitants
their distinct
character.
CULTURE Gallic / La Tène I
COUNTRY Romania
LANDMARKS Balkan Peninsula / Black Sea / Danube /
Sereth
CENTERS Galati
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c
MAP
REF 50 - A
REMARKS In BC 3rd century, when Gallic warriors
from the
Balkan Peninsula could not find anywhere to
settle because
of overcrowding, they travelled north along
the Black Sea
where they found empty land. The Britolagae tribe was
formed by some of these warriors who settled
in Romania
between the Danube and Sereth rivers at
their confluence
near present-day Galati.
CULTURE Gallic / La Tène I
COUNTRY Ukraine
LANDMARKS Balkan Peninsula / Black Sea / Azov Sea
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c
MAP
REF 51 - A
REMARKS The Cabari tribe settled on the Azov Sea
in the
present-day Ukraine. The tribe was formed when Gallic
invaders of the Balkan Peninsula could not
find anywhere to
settle in overcrowded Greece so they
travelled north along
the Black Sea until they found empty lands.
CULTURE Goidel / La Tène III / Gallic
AFFILIATION clan of the Arverni
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Dordogne / Cère
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Uxellodunum / L'Impernal
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th c / BC 52 / BC 51
LEADERS Lucterius / Vercingetorix (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Arverni / Ruteni / Senones /
Volcae Arcomici
MAP
REF 52 - A/C
REMARKS By BC 9th century the Cadurci, a clan of
the
Arverni, were settled around the confluence
of the Dordogne
and Cère rivers with an oppidum at
L'Impernal, near Cahors,
and another at Uxellodunum. Excavations at the oppidum of
L'Impernal have revealed niches in the walls
for the
display of skulls. The Cadurci buried their dead in tumuli
and were noted for their production of
high-quality linen.
In BC 52, the Cadurci supported
Vercingetorix from the
very beginning of his effort to throw off
the Roman yoke.
The Cadurci and the Ruteni sent horse
warriors into the
territory of the Volcae Arcomici to destroy
their crops in
an attempt to cut off the Roman food
supply. They also
fought beside the Arverni during the siege
of Alesia.
When the Cadurci leader Lucterius and
his ally Drappes
from the Senones tribe retreated to the
oppidum of
Uxellodunum, they were besieged by the
Romans and had their
food and water cut off until they
surrendered in BC 51.
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Highlands
LANDMARKS Loch Broom / Loch Eriboll / The Minch
CENTERS Durness
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 2nd c
MAP
REF 53 - B
REMARKS The Caereni territory was between Loch
Broom and
Loch Eriboll along the coast of The Minch
with a center at
present-day Durness in northwestern
Scotland.
ALTERNATIVE Caeraesi
CULTURE Belgae
COUNTRY Luxembourg
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Rhine
SITES Luxemburg
AGE Iron
DATES BC 57
LEADERS Galba (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Suessiones
MAP
REF 54 - C
REMARKS The Caeroesi were settled near
present-day
Luxemburg or Lttich. In BC 57 when Caesar invaded
Belgica, the Caeroesi contributed warriors
to fight under
Galba, the head chieftain of the Suessiones
tribe.
ALTERNATIVE Caledones / Caledonians / Gwyddyl Fichti
(Irish
Picts) / Gwyddelain / Gwyddelain
Fichti
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland / England / Denmark
REGION Highlands / Tayside / Grampian
TERRITORY Lloegr
LANDMARKS North Sea / Loch Ness / Grampian Mountains
/ Tay
/ Hadrians Wall / Antonine Wall
SITES Schiehallion Mountain / Mons Graupius
CENTERS Dunkeld
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 13th c / AD 84 / AD 2nd c / AD 100
/ AD 117 /
AD 122-129 / AD 142 / AD 196 / AD
4th c
LEADERS Calgach
SEE
ALSO Verturiones
MAP
REF 55 - B
REMARKS The Caledonii were Brythonic-speaking
P-Celts
and were described as tall people with red
hair. They most
likely arrived in the island of Britain as
Bronze Age
Pictish warriors during BC 13th
century. In Welsh
mythology, the Gwyddelain tribe was given
permission to
emigrate to Scotland (Alban) after they
crossed the North
Sea (Sea of Llychlyn) from Denmark. The only people there
to have given permission would have been the
Goidel.
Wilkens places the ancient city of
Calydon in the
region of Aetolia at La Caillère in western
France. The
Pictish people (Pictones tribe) were in this
area during
the time of the Mycenaeans. The legendary Hunt of the
Caledonian Boar was said to have taken place
in the
vicinity, and the name of the Caledonii may
have been
transplanted from this region during the
Trojan War.
During the Roman invasion, the
Caledonii used long
iron Hallstatt swords with blunt ends, small
shields and
chariots where terrain permitted. Chariots were reported
to be in use as late as AD 207. The Caledonii capital was
at Dunkeld on the Tay, and they had a
sanctuary on
Schiehallion Mountain.
In AD 84, the Caledonii stopped the
Roman advancement
into Scotland near Stonehaven in
Grampian. The battle took
place on Mons Graupius, a hill across from
the Roman camp
of Rae Dykes. The Celts under Calgach attacked at night
and the Romans were saved only by the
arrival of Agricula
with his legion. By AD 100 the Romans were in retreat from
Scotland and all their fortresses north of
the Tyne-Solway
gap were deserted.
By AD 117 the Caledonii and their
allies were causing
such trouble to the Romans that the Emperor
Hadrian was
forced to travel to Scotland to evaluate the
situation.
Between AD 122-129 the Romans constructed a
great stone
wall across the country for 74 miles (118
km) between
Solway and Tyne (Hadrian's Wall).
Around AD 142, the Romans built a
37-mile (60 km) turf
defence called the Antonine Wall across
Scotland from the
Forth to the Clyde. It proved ineffectual as well, and in
AD 196 the Caledonii and their allies
destroyed the wall
and overran northern England.
Before the end of AD 2nd century, the
Caledonii tribe
were settled on both sides of Loch Ness and
into the
Grampian Mountains. The 13 tribes of the Caledonii were
grouped under the Dicaledonae and the
Verturiones.
By AD 4th century, the Caledonii were
divided into the
two subgroups of the Clanna Cat (cat) and
the Clanna Orcs
(boar).
The Caledonii were called Gwyddyl Fichti (Irish-
speaking Picts) by the Welsh, which may mean
that they
spoke the language of the Q-Celts.
ALTERNATIVE Caletes
CULTURE La Tène A / Belgae / La Tène II
AFFILIATION Veliocasses (clan)
COUNTRY Germany / France
REGION Normandy
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Channel / Somme / Seine
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 57 / BC 52 / BC 51-50
LEADERS Galba (war leader) / Vercingetorix (war
leader)
SEE
ALSO Bellovaci / Catuvellauni /
Meldi / Remi /
Suessiones / Veliocasses
MAP
REF 56 - C
REMARKS In BC 6th century the Brythonic-speaking
Caleti
moved across the Rhine with the
Catuvellauni, Meldi, Remi,
Suessiones and the Veliocasses tribes,
bringing the La Tène
culture into Gaul. The Caleti tribe settled in territory
demarcated by the Somme and Seine rivers and
the Channel.
They intermingled with the local Goidel and
Hallstatt
people who had been occupying the area.
In BC 57 when Caesar invaded Belgica,
the La Tène II
Caleti contributed 10,000 warriors to fight
under Galba,
head chieftain of the Suessiones. In BC 52 the tribe also
fought for Vercingetorix and in BC 51-50
they supplied
warriors to help the Bellovaci.
ALTERNATIVE Callaeci / Gallaeci
CULTURE Urnfield-Hallstatt
AFFILIATION Lusitani confederation
COUNTRY Spain / Portugal
REGION Galicia / Tras-os-Montes
LANDMARKS Minho
CENTERS Calahorra (Caladunum)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 7th c / BC 3rd c
LEADERS Viriato (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Artabri / Lusitani
MAP
REF 57 - D
REMARKS The Callaeci were an ancient tribe of
highland
cattle herders who settled in northwestern Spain
and
northern Portugal and eventually gave their
name to Galicia
where they were associated with the Castro
Culture.
The tribe lived in circular stone huts,
rode horses,
and had both female and male warriors who
used the short
Hallstatt dagger, javelin, spear and small
round shield.
They wore the helmets and leg guards made
popular during
the Urnfield period.
In BC 3rd century, the Callaeci were
associated with
the Lusitani confederation.
CULTURE Etruscan
AFFILIATION client of the Rhaeti
COUNTRY Italy
TERRITORY Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Val Camonica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c
SEE
ALSO Rhaeti
MAP
REF 58 - C
REMARKS The Camuni were Etruscan pastoral people
and a
client tribe of the Rhaeti. Their territory in Val
Camonica was known for its chestnut forests,
and the tribe
probably contributed to the Val Camonica
drawings.
ALTERNATIVE Cantabrian
CULTURE Early-Hallstatt
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / Spain
REGION Cantabria
LANDMARKS Bay of Biscay / Picos de Europa / Deva
AGE Iron
DATES BC 7th c / BC 1st c / BC 56 / BC 29
SEE
ALSO Aquitani / Artabri / Astures /
Lusitani
MAP
REF 59 - A/D
REMARKS The Cantabri tribe was a part of the
Early
Hallstatt expansion that migrated from
Czech-Germany to
Gaul, Spain and Portugal. The tribal name may be linked to
that of the Artabri. In ancient times the area of Bætica
was known for silver and lead.
By BC 7th century the Cantabri were
settled along the
Bay of Biscay and in the valley of the Deva
river in Spain
with the Picos de Europa mountains at their
backs. They
were a rough, tough and honorable people who
preferred
suicide to slavery. They refused to be intimidated by
torture and were reputed to sing war songs
even while
dying.
When Cantabri warriors grew too old to die in
combat, they would throw themselves over a
cliff.
During BC 1st century, the Cantabri
tribe protested
the slaughter of 20,000 Celtiberians by the
Romans. The
warriors thought that they should declare
war on Rome, and
when the chieftains vetoed this proposal the
warriors burnt
down the meeting hall in protest.
In BC 56 the Cantabri contributed
warriors to help the
Aquitani to fight the invading Romans. In BC 29, the
Romans invading the territory of the
Cantabri and the
Astures were becoming so frustrated that the
Roman emperor
himself was needed to bolster the failing
courage of the 7
legions and a naval squadron. The Cantabri were finally
subdued by the Romans but were never
conquered. Their
tribal way of life (similar to that
described under the
Lusitani tribe) was changed very
little. The tribe gave
its name to the present-day province of
Cantabria.
ALTERNATIVE Cantiaci
CULTURE Belgae / La Tène II / La Tène III
COUNTRY England
REGION Kent
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica / Lloegr
LANDMARKS Thames / Channel
CENTERS Canterbury / Rochester / London (Caer
Lludd)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd-2nd c / BC 1st c / BC 54
SEE
ALSO Atrebates / Catuvellauni /
Iceni / Regni /
Trinovantes
MAP REF 60 - B
REMARKS The Cantii tribe was part of the La Tène
II
Belgae expansion during BC 3rd-2nd
century. The tribe
settled in the region of Kent with centers
at Canterbury
and Rochester. The tribe used present-day London as their
trading center after the Belgae tribes
pushed the Pictish
tribe of the Trinovantes to the north. They then changed
the name of the center from Trinovantum to
Caer Lludd in BC
1st century.
In BC 54, Caesar landed on a beach in
their territory
during his visit to England. He reported that they were
the most civilized (domesticated) of the
tribes that he
encountered. Other Belgae tribes in the area were the
Atrebates and the Catuvellauni.
After the conquest of England by the
Romans, the
Atrebates, Cantii, Iceni, Regni and
Trinovantes were
grouped together in a province.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / Spain
REGION Cantabria
LANDMARKS Deva
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c
MAP
REF 61 - A/D
REMARKS The Carietes tribe was a part of the
Early
Hallstatt expansion from Czech-Germany into
Gaul. Groups
of warriors or tribes also continued over
the Pyrenees and
into Spain where they settled on the Deva
river around BC
6th century.
CULTURE Gallic / La Tène I
COUNTRY Austria / Slovenia / Italy
TERRITORY Gaul / Noricum / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Hercynian Forest / Drave / Tagliamento /
Carnic
Alps / Adriatic Sea
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c / BC 186 / BC 183
LEADERS Segovesus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Bituriges
MAP
REF 62 - A/C
REMARKS The Carni tribe was formed from warriors
of
Gauls who followed Segovesus, the Bituriges
chieftain, to
Noricum, Austria in BC 4th century.
In BC 186, the Carni tribe left Noricum
and settled in
the Carnic Alps around the Drave and
Tagliamento rivers
near the Adriatic Sea. They survived the Roman invasion in
BC 183 and although subdued, they remained
in the area.
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Highlands / Wester Ross
LANDMARKS The Minch / Glen Carron / Loch Broom
AGE Iron (Late)
DATES AD 2nd c
MAP
REF 63 - B
REMARKS By AD 2nd century, the Carnonacae tribe
was
settled between Glen Carron and Loch Broom
along the coast
of The Minch in the area of present-day
Western Ross in the
Scottish Highlands.
ALTERNATIVE Carnutes
CULTURE Goidel / La Tène A / Gallic / La Tène I
/ La
Tène III
AFFILIATION client of the Remi
COUNTRY Germany / France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Loire / Loir / Cher
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Orléans (Cenabum) / Chartres
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 4th c / BC 54 / BC 52 /
BC 51-50
LEADERS Ambicatus (Rix) / Tasgetios / Cotuatos /
Conconnetodumnus / Gutruatos
SEE ALSO Ædui / Ambarri / Andes / Arverni /
Aulerci /
Bituriges / Cenomani / Insubres /
Lingones /
Remi / Senones / Sequani / Turoni
MAP
REF 64 - A/C
REMARKS The Carnuti were a La Tene A tribe who
crossed
the Rhine from the Goidel homeland in
Germany and settled
in Gaul around BC 6th century. Their territory was across
the Loire and contained Chartres, the center
of druidic
power in Gaul. The sacred site of Chartres was the center
for Beltainn feasts and other important
rituals. The
Ædui, Ambarri, Aulerci, Carnuti, Lingones,
Senones,
Sequani and Turoni were all related by
blood.
In BC 4th century, the Carnuti tribe
belonged to a
confederation of related tribes led at the
time by
Ambicatus of the Bituriges. The confederation also
included the Ædui, Ambarri, Andes, Arverni,
Aulerci,
Bituriges, Carnuti, Cenomani, Insubres, Lingones and
Senones tribes.
In BC 54 Caesar appointed a lackey
named Tasgetios to
the position of head chieftain of the
Carnuti, but the
tribe sacrificed him. In BC 52 the Carnuti were led by the
chieftains Conconnetodumnus and
Cotuatos. The tribe was
inflamed by the treatment they were
receiving from the
Roman invaders at their own oppidum of
Cenabum. In a swift
and deadly attack, the Carnuti killed the
Romans but that
night the Romans marched on the fort, sacked
it and set it
ablaze.
The Carnuti supplied 12,000 warriors to
help fight the
Romans during the battle of Alesia in BC
52. During the
winter of BC 51-50, Caesar camped at
Cenabum, putting the
Carnuti out into the cold. Many starved or froze to death
that winter. Caesar then forced the tribe to turn in their
chieftain Gutruatos, whom Caesar blamed for
the massacre of
the Romans at the oppidum. He was flogged to death and his
head was paraded before his people as an
example of what
would happen if they did not subject
themselves to Roman
rule.
CULTURE Tartessian / Early Hallstatt
AFFILIATION Lusitani confederation
COUNTRY Spain
REGION Castilla-La Mancha / Extremadura
LANDMARKS Sierra de Alcaraz / Guadiana / Tagus /
Sierra de
Guadarrama / Montes de Toledo
CENTERS Toledo (Toletum) / Baiona de Tajuna /
Alcala de
Henares
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 3rd c
LEADERS Viriato (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Lusitani
MAP
REF 65 - D
REMARKS The Carpetani tribe of the Tartessian
culture
was invaded by southerly-moving Hallstatt
Celts who
migrated into the territory around BC 6th
century.
In BC 3rd century, the Carpetani
territory stretched
from the Sierra de Alcaraz in the south
across the Guadiana
and Tagus rivers to the Guadarrama mountains
in the north.
The mountains of Toledo were their western
boundary and
they had centers at Toletum (Toledo),
Titulcia (Baiona de
Tajuna) and Complutum (Alcala de Henares).
The Carpetani
are sometimes included in the Lusitani
confederation,
formed to fight against the Roman invaders.
CULTURE Hallstatt
AFFILIATION clan of the Volcae
COUNTRY Austria / Czech / Slovakia
REGION Bohemia
TERRITORY Noricum
LANDMARKS Danube / Theiss
AGE Iron
DATES BC 1st c
SEE
ALSO Rhacatae / Volcae
MAP
REF 66 - A
REMARKS The Carpi were a clan of the Volcae who
left
their Bohemian homeland and by BC 1st
century were settled
in Slovakia around the Danube and Theiss
(Tisza) rivers,
near the Rhacatae who were another clan of
the Volcae.
CULTURE Pictish / La Tène A / Briton
AFFILIATION client of the Catuvellauni tribe
COUNTRY Germany / England
REGION Hertfordshire
TERRITORY Lloegr
LANDMARKS Gabe River
SITES Cassiobury Park
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 3rd-2nd c / BC 1st c
SEE
ALSO Baiocasses / Catuvellauni / Dii
Casses /
Tricasses / Veliocasses / Viducasses
MAP REF 67 - B
REMARKS The Cassi were related to the
Baiocasses, Dii
Casses, Tricasses, Veliocasses and Viducasses tribes. In
BC 6th century they all left Germany and
migrated to new
territories, taking with them La Tène A
culture. The Cassi
were Brythonic-speaking Celts of the Pictish
culture who
were involved in the Pictish invasion of
Britain during BC
6th century. They settled around Cassiobury Park near
Watford on the Gabe river in Hertfordshire.
Sometime during BC 3rd-2nd century,
Belgae tribes
began to invade southwest England and by BC
1st century
they were subjugated by the Catevellauni
tribe.
CULTURE Late Hallstatt / Gallic / La Tene III
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / France / Italy
REGION Bohemia / Bavaria / Haute-Marne
TERRITORY Gaul / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Durance / Piedmont Alps / Ornain / Nera
AGE Iron
DATES BC 5th c / BC 58
DEITIES Caturix
SEE
ALSO Cenomani / Centrones / Graioceli
/ Helvetii /
Medulli / Volcae Arcomici / Volcae Tectosages
MAP
REF 68 - A/C
REMARKS In BC 5th century the Caturiges left
their
homeland in Bavaria-Bohemia and travelled
into France with
their allies the Cenomani, Centrones,
Medulli, Volcae
Arcomici and Volcae Tectosages.
The Caturiges passed through the
valleys of the Meuse
and upper Marne on their way to a new home
on the upper
Durance in the Piedmont Alps of France. It was probably at
the time of this migration that a sub-group
settled in the
valley of the Ornain river, a tributary of
the Marne. At
the new territory on the upper Durance, the
tribe was
surrounded by Ligurians and soon came under
the protection
of Cottius, a Ligurian chieftain. The Caturiges also had a
settlement in the valley of the Nera river
of Italy.
In BC 58 when Caesar passed through
their territory on
his march against the Helvetii, the
Caturiges, Centrones
and Graioceli tribes managed to slow down
his progress.
EPITHET Mighty Warriors
ALTERNATIVE Catalauni (oldest form) / Catubellauni
CULTURE La Tène A / Belgae / La Tène II / La
Tene III
AFFILIATION clan of the Remi
COUNTRY Germany / France / England
REGION Haute-Marne / Hertfordshire / Greater
London /
Buckinghamshire / Oxfordshire
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica / Lloegr
LANDMARKS Aisne / Marne / Aube / Seine / Thames /
White
Horse of Uffington
CENTERS Colchester (Camulodun - fortress of
Camulos) /
Uffington Castle / Prae Wood
(Verulamium)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 3rd-2nd c / BC 1st c /
BC 54 /
AD 1st c / AD 41
DEITIES Camulos
LEADERS Beli Mawr / Lludd / Cassubellaunos /
Cunobel /
Caratacus
SEE ALSO Atrebates / Caleti / Cantii / Cassi /
Coritani /
Cornovii / Deceangli / Demetae /
Dobunni / Meldi
/ Ordovices / Remi / Silures /
Suessiones /
Trinovantes / Veliocasses
MAP REF 69 - C/B
REMARKS In the BC 6th century the
Brythonic-speaking
Catuvellauni moved across the Rhine with the
Caleti, Meldi,
Remi, Suessiones and Veliocasses tribes,
bringing the La
Tène A culture into Gaul. The Catuvellauni were a clan of
the
Remi and settled around the headwaters of the Aisne,
Marne, Aube and Seine rivers. They intermingled with the
Hallstatt people who occupied the area.
Sometime during BC 3rd-2nd century,
warriors of the
Catuvellauni, Atrebates and Cantii tribes
settled in
England, introducing the La Tène III
culture. By BC 1st
century, the Catuvellauni tribe had captured
Trinovantum
and changed its name to Caer Lludd. They then crossed the
Thames and under the chieftains Lludd and
Cassubellaunos
they became the dominant tribe in southern
England. They
subjected the Cassi tribe, pushed the
Trinovantes and the
Coritani to the north and expanded the
tribal territory
even into Wales. In BC 54 the Catuvellauni fought Caesar,
causing him to retreat to Gaul where the
Celtic tribes were
not quite so fierce.
In AD 1st century another powerful head
chieftain,
Cunobel, subjected the Trinovantes and maded
them a client
tribe when he captured their center
Colchester. He made
Colchester his main center and caused the
tribe to become
known as the largest international trader
outside the Roman
Empire.
In AD 41 Caratacus, Cunobel's son,
became the head
chieftain of the Catuvellauni tribe and
their clients. He
conquered the Dobunni and Atrebates and made
them client
tribes.
Caesar saw this as an opportunity to interfere in
other people's politics and invaded England
in AD 43 with a
large army including mercenaries and war
elephants.
The Catuvellauni fought a brilliant
guerrilla war
using blitz chariot attacks against the
superior Roman
forces.
Caratacus received little help from surrounding
tribes and he and his warriors were
eventually driven into
the highlands of Wales where he became the
war leader of
the Silures, Ordovices, Deceangli, Demetae
and Cornovii
tribes.
After eight years of successful
guerrilla warfare,
Caratacus made the mistake of fighting a
pitched battle
with the Romans and they became
besieged. Caratacus
escaped only to be turned in by a chieftain
of the
Brigantes.
This was the end of the tribe as a major power
and the beginning of an even worse
subjection of the tribes
of England under the foot of the Roman
military
occupational forces.
ALTERNATIVE Chauci / Chauchi / Ui Cuaich
CULTURE Germani
COUNTRY Germany / Ireland
REGION Wicklow
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c
SEE
ALSO Menapii
MAP
REF 70 - A
REMARKS The Cauci were a tribe of the Germani
who left
their
homeland on the Hanover coast and followed the
Menapii when they sailed to Ireland in BC
3rd century. They
landed at Wicklow, just north of the Menapii
in Wexford.
NAME Cavares
ALTERNATIVE Cauari
CULTURE Early Hallstatt / Gallic
AFFILIATION Sigovellauni (client)
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhône / Cevennes
SITES Arausio
AGE Iron
DATES BC 9th c
DEITIES Arausio
SEE
ALSO Sigovellauni
MAP
REF 71 - C
REMARKS During the Early Hallstatt period around
BC 9th
century, the Cavares tribe was settled on
the right bank of
the Rhône in the Cevennes mountains around
the present-day
village of Arausio. The tribe venerated the sun god
Arausio.
The Sigovellauni tribe were a client tribe of
theirs.
ALTERNATIVE Cempsos
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / Spain / Portugal
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Cevennes Mountains / Pyrenees / Tagus /
Sado /
Guadiana / Cartare / Cape Espichel
AGE Iron
DATES BC 9th-6th c / BC 6th c
SEE
ALSO Conii / Saefes
MAP
REF 72 - A/C/D
REMARKS The Cempsi tribe was a part of the Early
Hallstatt expansion of BC 9th-6th century
which left their
German-Czech homeland and migrated into
southern France
where they mixed with Ligurians in the area
of the Cevennes
mountains.
Sometime around BC 6th century, the
Cempsi joined with
the Saefes tribe and crossed the Pyrenees
mountains into
Spain. The Cempsi
travelled southwest into Portugal where
they settled on Cape Espichel between the
Tagus and Sado
rivers and inland to the Guadiana river.
One group of their tribe settled on the
island of
Cartare near Cadiz, which has since
disappeared. Their
southern border was shared with the Conii.
CULTURE La Tène III
COUNTRY England
TERRITORY Lloegr
AGE Iron
DATES BC 54
MAP
REF 73 - (B) unknown location
REMARKS During Caesar's visit to Britain in BC
54 he
mentioned that the Cenimagni lived in
southeast England.
CULTURE Late Hallstatt / Armorican / La Tene I /
La Tene III
AFFILIATION client of the Aulerci and Volcae Arcomici
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / France / Italy
REGION Bohemia / Bavaria / Sarthe / Mayenne
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhine / Adda / Adige / Iseo / Garda
(Benacus)
CENTERS Bergamo(Bergomum) / Brescia (Brixia) /
Verona /
Le Mans (Suindinum or Vindinum) / Nîmes
AGE Iron
DATES BC 5th c / BC 4th c / BC 390 / BC 225
/ BC 203
/ AD 80
DEITIES Brixianus / Ialona / Nemausos
LEADERS Ambicatus (Rix) / Elitovios
SEE ALSO Ædui / Ambarri / Andes / Arverni /
Aulerci /
Bituriges / Carnuti / Caturiges / Cenomani /
Centrones / Insubres / Lingones /
Medulli /
Senones / Veneti / Volcae
Arcomici / Volcae
Tectosages
MAP
REF 74 - A/C
REMARKS In BC 5th century the Cenomani left
their
homeland in Bavaria-Bohemia and travel into
France with
their allies the Caturiges, Centrones,
Medulli, Volcae
Arcomici and the Volcae Tectosages.
Some of the Cenomani settled in
Aremorica where they
became a client tribe of the Aulerci, while
others settled
around the mouth of the Rhône with the
Volcae Arcomici and
became their client tribe after driving out
or subduing the
Ligurian and Iberian tribes in the
area. They venerated
the god Nemausus at the healing spring of
Nîmes. The tribe
minted their own coins which have been
discovered at sites
on the Channel Islands.
By BC 4th century, the Cenomani
belonged to a
confederation of related tribes led at the
time by
Ambicatus of the Bituriges. The confederation included the
Ædui, Ambarri, Andes, Arverni, Aulerci, Bituriges,
Carnuti, Cenomani, Insubres, Lingones, and Senones tribes.
In BC 390, a chieftain named Elitovios
led warriors of
the Cenomani and Andes tribes behind
Bellovesus into Italy
where they settled between the Adda and
Adige rivers south
of the Iseo and Benacus (Garda) lakes in the
areas of
Brixia (Brescia) and Verona. At their center Brixia they
venerated the sky god Brixianus. Their territorial
expansion was stopped by the Veneti. The Cenomani joined
in a confederacy with the Andes tribe.
In BC 225 the Cenomani, Veneti and a
Roman army fought
a recently-arrived force of Celts with
50,000 foot soldiers
and 20,000 horse and chariot warriors from
the other side
of the Alps. They destroyed the newcomers.
Around BC 203 the Cenomani helped
Hamilcar of the
Cathaginians to attack the Roman
Placentia. By AD 80 the
land of the Italian Cenomani was being
broken up and given
to Roman veterans of the civil war.
CULTURE Late Hallstatt / Gallic / La Tène III
AFFILIATION client of the Nervii
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / Belgium / Holland /
France /
Italy
REGION Bohemia / Bavaria
TERRITORY Gaul / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Garonne / Isère / Piedmont Alps / Mont
Cenis
AGE Iron
DATES BC 5th c / BC 218 / BC 58 / BC 54
LEADERS Cottius
SEE
ALSO Caturiges / Cenomani /
Graioceli / Helvetii /
Medulli / Nervii / Volcae Arcomici / Volcae
Tectosages
MAP
REF 75 - A/C
REMARKS In BC 5th century, the Centrones left
their
homeland in present-day Bavaria and Bohemia
and travelled
into France with their allies the Caturiges,
Cenomani,
Medulli, Volcae Arcomici and Volcae
Tectosages. Some of
the warriors settled north of the Garonne
and by BC 218
another group was established in the
Piedmont Alps on the
upper Isère river.
The Piedmont Centrones harrassed Hannibal when he
passed through Mont Cenis on his way to
Italy. They were
surrounded by Ligurians and soon came under
the protection
of Cottius, a Ligurian chieftain.
In BC 58, with the help of their
neighbors the
Caturiges and the Graioceli, the Centrones
slowed Caesar's
progress through the mountain when he was on
his way to
butcher the Helvetii. In BC 54, another group of Centrones
who were a client tribe of the Nervii helped
fight against
Caesar.
CULTURE Germani
COUNTRY Germany
LANDMARKS Main / Werra / Bacenis Forest
AGE Iron
DATES BC 53
LEADERS Arminios
SEE
ALSO Suebi
MAP
REF 76 - A
REMARKS The Cherusci were a Germani tribe whose
territory was north of the Main river in
Germany. They
were separated from the Suebi tribe by the
Bacenis Forest
and the Werra river. The Germani tribes prided themselves
on the amount of wilderness they had within
their
territory.
In BC 53, a chieftain named Arminios
defended his
tribe against 3 Roman legions and sent
Caesar back across
the Rhine.
CULTURE Germani / La Tène II / Germano-Celtic
COUNTRY Denmark / Germany / Spain
REGION Jutland
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Cimbric Peninsula / Gundestrup / Main
SITES Raevemosen / Orange / Vercelli
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c / BC 113 / BC 109 / BC 105 /
BC 103 /
BC 74
LEADERS Claodicus / Spartacus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Aduatuci / Ambrones / Boii /
Helvetii /
Scordisci / Teutoni / Tigurini / Volcae
MAP
REF 77 - A
REMARKS The Cimbri were a tribe of the Germani
culture
whose homeland was on the Cimbric Peninsula
in Jutland. In
the more northern area of their territory,
the people
cremated their dead. By BC 3rd century the Cimbri were
being influenced by the Celtic people of the
La Tène II
period, intermarrying and adopting words and
names into
their language.
In BC 113, a chieftain with the Celtic
name of
Claodicus led a large band of warriors
southeast between
the Elbe and the Oder rivers though Germany
and Czech until
they came up against the Boii and the Volcae
tribes who
drove them into the Pannonian area of
Hungary. Here they
were turned back by the Scordisci, but not
before they
captured or purchased the silver cauldron
which eventually
ended up in a sacred lake in Raevemosen,
Denmark.
The Cimbri then returned to Germany
where they were
united with the Teutoni and Ambrones in the
area of the
Main river.
In BC 109 when the Cimbri and their allies
decided to cross the Rhine river to search
for land in
Gaul, warriors of the Tigurini, Helvetii and
their clans
joined with them. In Gaul they crossed paths with a Roman
army and after trying unsuccessfully to
negotiate for land,
they defeated them.
In BC 105, the allies ran into two more
Roman armies
which they annihilated in a battle at
Orange. The tribes
then split up, with the Cimbri travelling
over the Pyrenees
into Spain, the Teutoni and Ambrones to
northern Gaul and
the Helvetii into Switzerland.
By BC 103, after two years of looking
for a home in
Spain, the Cimbri travelled back into Gaul
and joined up
with the Teutoni and Ambrones again. They left warriors
behind to guard their cattle and belongings
while the
remainder travelled by separate routes into
Italy,
searching for empty land. Those left behind in Belgica
were to become known as the Aduatuci tribe.
The Cimbri travelled into Austria, then
crossed the
Brenner Pass into Italy while the Tigurini
stayed in
Noricum as a reserve army. The Cimbri crushed a Roman army
by the Adige river, then headed west to join
the Teutoni.
The Teutoni had been defeated by a Roman
army at Aix which
had then joined with the remains of the army
that the
Cimbri had crushed. This combined Roman army met with the
Cimbri at Vercelli in Piedmont and defeated
them in a
battle costly to both sides. The prisoners were sold into
slavery or forced to fight as gladiators for
the amusement
of the Roman citizenry.
In BC 74, slaves and prisoners who had
been used as
gladiators revolted under the command of the
Thracian
Spartacus and began to wreak chaos
throughout Italy. Many
of these people were warriors of the Cimbri
and their
allies.
CULTURE Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
SEE
ALSO Sontiati
MAP
REF 78 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Cocosates contributed warriors to
fight the
invading Romans during the summer of BC 56
after the defeat
of the Sontiati tribe.
CULTURE Belgae / La Tène III
AFFILIATION client of the Treveri
COUNTRY Germany / Belgium
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Ourthe / Roer / Ardennes
CENTERS Condroz
AGE Iron
DATES BC 57 / BC 53
LEADERS Galba (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Eburones / Segni / Suessiones /
Treveri
MAP
REF 79 - C
REMARKS The territory of the Condrusi was on the
Ourthe
and Roer rivers between the Eburones and
Treveri tribes. In
BC 57 when the Romans invaded Belgica, the
Condrusi tribe
contributed warriors to fight under Galba,
the head
chieftain of the Suessiones. In BC 53 the Condrusi and the
Segni sent envoys to Caesar promising that
they would
abstain from any further fighting.
EPITHET House of Kon
ALTERNATIVE Cynetes / Cynesii
CULTURE Goidel
COUNTRY France / Portugal
REGION Algarve
LANDMARKS Guadiana / Cape St Vincent / Atlantic
SITES Sagres
CENTERS Conimbriga / Conistorgis / Latobriga /
Lituscyneticum
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 15th c / BC 13th c / BC 6th c / BC
4th c
LEADERS Conn
SEE
ALSO Cempsi / Turdetani / Turduli
MAP
REF 80 - A/D
REMARKS The Conii were a coastal people whose
inscriptions show that they spoke a mixture
of Goidel and
Brythonic Celtic languages. It is believed that the
settlers were en route from the
Mediterranean. They
probably had links to the Goidel involvement
in the 13th
century Trojan War for domination of the
metal-rich lands
of nearby Ithaca (Andalucía, Spain) and/or
the earlier BC
15th century Goidel invasion of
Ireland. They had
settlements between the Guadiana river and
Cape St Vincent
which included the sacred moon center on the
promontory of
Sagres.
By BC 6th century, the Conii had
centers at
Conimbriga, Conistorgis, Latobriga and maybe Lituscyneticum
on the Mediterranean coast of France.
By BC 4th century,
they were influenced by the invading
Iberians. The Cempsi,
Turduli and Turdetani shared a territorial
border with
them.
ALTERNATIVE Coranieid / Coranieid / Coranian /
Corannyeid /
Corr (dwarf)
CULTURE Germani
COUNTRY Germany / England
TERRITORY Lloegr
LANDMARKS Rhine / Humber
AGE Iron
DATES BC 1st c / AD 5th c
SEE
ALSO Angles / Catuvellauni
MAP
REF 81 - B
REMARKS The Corainied left their homeland in the
Rhine
area of Germany and migrated to England
sometime in BC 1st
century, settling in the Humber river
area. They were
considered a threat by the powerful
Catuvellauni tribe and
the head chieftain Lludd poisoned their
chieftains and
subjected the tribe.
In AD 6th century, the people of the
Corainied tribe
sided with the invading Angles who were
migrating into
northeastern England. The name of the Corainied tribe
appears in Spanish folklore as the
Korriganes.
CULTURE Goidel (Trojan) / La Tène III
COUNTRY England
REGION Greater London / Leicestershire /
Lincolnshire
TERRITORY Lloegr
LANDMARKS Thames / Soar (flowing one)
CENTERS Caer Troia (Town of Troy) / Leicester
(Caerleir
- Leir's fort) / Burrough Hill
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 12th c / BC 9th c / BC 6th c / BC
2nd c /
BC 1st c
DEITIES Llyr
LEADERS Corineus / Brute / Leir
SEE
ALSO Catuvellauni / Trinovantes
MAP
REF 82 - B
REMARKS The suffix "tani" possibly
links the Coritani
with the other Celtic-Tartessian tribes of
Spain and
Portugal.
The Trojan chieftain Corineus joined up with
another Trojan descendant named Brute and
the two led their
warriors in search of land to conquer.
The Trojan descendants finally conquered land in
England where Brute built Caer Troia (Town
of Troy) on the
Thames river at present-day Illford in
honour of their
ancestors who had been driven from the
island.
During BC 9th century, the tribal
territory of the
Coritani was ruled over by Leir, a Trojan
(Goidel) who was
the high chieftain of Britain. He built a fortress on the
Soar river just south of present-day
Leicester called
Caerleir (Leir's fort). When Leir died he was buried under
the Soar river in a chamber.
The influx of Pictish tribes from the
continent in BC
6th century caused the Coritani to lose Caer
Troia to the
Trinovantes who pushed them into the
northern part of their
territory.
The Coritani also had a hillfort at
Burrough Hill
which was still in use in BC 2nd
century. During BC 1st
century, the Coritani lost control of
Leicester to the
expanding Catuvellauni tribe of the Belgae
culture. The
sun god Llyr was venerated at Leicester and
was referred to
as half-tongue (Q/P-Celts?).
After BC 1st century the Coritani,
under the influence
of the Belgae culture from Gaul, began to
produce gold
coins that were traded mostly in their own
territory but
have been found as far away as western
Wales.
In AD 50, the Romans built a fort at
Leicester and
changed the name to Ratae Coritanorum (fort
of the
Coritani).
EPITHET People of the Horn / Promontory People
ALTERNATIVE Cornavii
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland / England / France
REGION Cornwall / Cheshire / Shropshire /
Lancashire /
Sutherland / Caithness / Brittany
TERRITORY Lloegr
LANDMARKS Mersey / Severn
SITES Wrekin
CENTERS Chester / Wroxeter / Old Oswestry
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 13th-9th c / BC 5th c / AD 47 / AD
2nd c /
AD 5th c
DEITIES Belisama
LEADERS Caratacus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Catuvellauni / Deceangli /
Demetae / Ordovices /
Silures
MAP
REF 83 - B
REMARKS The Cornovii were Brythonic-speaking
Celts of
the Pictish culture who had established
themselves in
Britain sometime between BC 13th and BC 9th
century. They
were cattle people who lived off milk and
meat and used the
hides of their cattle for making their
clothing. The tribe
settled in Cornwall, to which they gave
their name, and
also had centers at Deva (Chester),
Viroconium (Wroxeter)
and Old Oswestry. The Old Oswestry fort was occupied in BC
5th century.
In AD 47, the southern Cornovii fought
under Caratacus
and his Catuvellauni warriors alongside the
Deceangli,
Demetae, Ordovices and Silures tribes
against the invading
Romans.
By AD 2nd century the Romans were aware of the
existence of the northern Cornovii with a
territory in
northeast Sutherland and Caithness.
In AD 5th century warriors of the
Cornovii tribe of
Lancashire migrated to Brittany and the area
became known
as Cornavia.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
AFFILIATION client of the Quadi and Sarmatians
COUNTRY Germany / Czech / Poland / Ukraine
REGION Silesia
TERRITORY Galicia
LANDMARKS Oder / Vistula / Danube / Carpathians
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 100
SEE
ALSO Osi
MAP
REF 84 - A
REMARKS The Cotini and the Osi were two Celtic
tribes
who migrated north from their Celtic
homeland in Germany-
Czech around BC 6th century. They were iron miners and
settled in modern-day Silesia, an area of
Poland and Czech
that became known as Galicia. Their territory in the
foothills of the Carpathian Mountains
contained the
headwaters of the Oder, Vistula (Wisla) and
a tributary of
the Danube.
Around BC 100, the Cotini were cut off
from the Celtic
world and had to pay tribute to the Germani
tribe the Quadi
and the Indo-Iranian or Slav tribe the
Sarmatians. The
Cotini did manage to retain their own
language.
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Highlands
LANDMARKS Loch Linnhe / Sound of Sleat
CENTERS near Glenelg
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 2nd c
SEE
ALSO Caledonii / Carnonacae
MAP
REF 85 - B
REMARKS By AD 2nd century the Creones territory
was
south of the Carnonacae and west of the
Caledonii between
Loch Linnhe and the Sound of Sleat. The tribe had centers
in the vicinity of Glenelg.
ALTERNATIVE Bituriges Cubi
CULTURE Goidel / Gallic
AFFILIATION clan of the Bituriges
COUNTRY Germany / France
TERRITORY Gaul / Thuringia
LANDMARKS Indre / Cher / Main / Thuringian Mountains
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 12th-9th c / BC 6th c
SEE
ALSO Bituriges / Turoni
MAP
REF 86 - A/C
REMARKS The Cubi were of the Goidel culture and
between
BC 12th and 9th centuries they settled in
central France
between the Indre and the Cher rivers with
their parent
tribe the Bituriges. Later they became an independent
tribe.
They buried their dead in tumuli.
During the mid-Hallstatt period around
BC 6th century
warriors of the Cubi and Turoni tribes
migrated to the
Thuringian mountains of Germany north of the
Main in an
area known for its copper and iron deposits.
ALTERNATIVE Coriosolites
CULTURE Aremorican / La Tène
COUNTRY France
REGION Brittany / Jersey / Guernsey
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
LANDMARKS Channel / Aulne / Vilaine
CENTERS St Malo (Alet) / Le Catel / St Brelade /
St
Saviour
AGE Iron
DATES BC 2nd-AD 2nd c / BC 57 / BC 52 / BC
50-AD 75
LEADERS Vercingetorix (war leader)
MAP
REF 87 - C
REMARKS The territory of the Curiosolites was on
the
coast of Brittany between the headwaters of
the Aulne and
Vilaine rivers. They were a seafaring tribe involved in
trade and their coins have been found at
numerous sites in
the Channel Islands and England.
Between BC 2nd century and AD 2nd
century the
Curiosolites also had two centers on the
island of Jersey
at St Brelade and Le Catel. Due to the size of the coin
hoards found, archaeologists have suggested
that the tribe
had their mint on the island. The tribe also had a center
at St Saviour on Guernsey from BC 50 to AD
75 where they
were engaged in metal-working and salt
distillation.
In BC 57, the Romans invaded their
territory in
Brittany and stationed troops there while
they tried to
destroy the Veneti. In BC 52 the Curiosolites contributed
warriors to help Vercingetorix in the
struggle for Celtic
independence.
EPITHET The Tribe of Riders
ALTERNATIVE Dal Riara / Dalriadic / Scotti
CULTURE Goidel
COUNTRY Ireland / Scotland
REGION Antrim / Argyll
TERRITORY Munster / Ulster / Cinel Loairn / Cinel
Gabrain
/ Cinel Comgall / Cinel Angus
LANDMARKS Crinan Isthmus
CENTERS Dunadd / Oban (Dunollu)
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 3rd c / AD 5th c / AD 7th c / AD
842
LEADERS Conaire Riada / Cairbre Riada / Erc /
Fergus
macEirc / Cinaeth mac Ailpin
MAP
REF 88 - B/(E) umarked locations
REMARKS During the rule of Conaire Riada in AD
3rd
century, there was a famine in the ancient province
of
Munster in Ireland. Conaire's son Cairbre Riada led a
portion of the tribe north to the old
province of Ulster,
where they settled in Antrim. The name Riada means to
travel by horse or chariot.
In AD 5th century, Erc, head chieftain
(Ri Ruirech) of
the Dal Riada, had a number of sons who
invaded the Pictish
islands off Scotland and conquered Argyll,
making a center
at Dunadd on the Crinan Isthmus. Eventually the brothers
formed the four territories of Cinel Loairn,
Cinel Gabrain,
Cinel Comgall and Cinel Angus. Fergus macEirc was their
first head chieftain of Albainn (Scotland),
forming the
double chiefdom of the Dal Riada. The Dal Riada in
Scotland became known as the Scotti, which
became the name
for all Goidel or Irish.
Until AD 7th century, the Scotti stayed
within their
captured territory but then they began to
expand again into
the territory of the Picts. In AD 842 Cinaeth mac Ailpin
joined the two cultures together when he
became the first
high
chieftain of Albainn (Ard-righ Albainn).
The country
became known as Scotland.
CULTURE Goidel
AFFILIATION clanna Deirgthene / clanna Dedad
COUNTRY Spain / Portugal / Ireland
TERRITORY Munster / Ulster
SITE Temair Luachra (Tara of the Rushes)
CENTER Raith Cashel (Cashel)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 1st
LEADERS CuRoi macDaire
MAP
REF 89 - (D)/(E) unknown locations
REMARKS The Darini were Goidel warriors from
Spain-
Portugal who settled in the old provinces of
Munster and
Ulster in Ireland. The clanna Deirgthene and the clanna
Dairenne developed as two royal houses in
Munster. From
these two clans came the chieftains and Ri's
of the
province.
The Clanna Dedad (The Degads) was developed as a
unit of elite warriors or champions and
CuRoi macDaire was
their most famous leader. The Clanna Dedad made their
headquarters at Temair Luachra and Raith
Cashel (Cashel)
was their seat of power in the province.
It is believed that the descent was on
the distaff or
female side of the family. The two clans fostered their
children to each other. The female belonged to the
mother's clan but lived among the clan of
the father. Male
children were sent to the household of the
mother's clan to
be educated. The children were fostered to a house of
influence where they were trained and
educated.
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Highlands / Easter Ross
LANDMARKS Moray Firth / Dornoch Firth
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 2nd c
SEE
ALSO Carnonacae
MAP
REF 90 - B
REMARKS By AD 2nd century, the Decantae tribe
was
settled between Moray Firth and Dornoch
Firth in Easter
Ross, east of the Carnonacae tribe.
CULTURE Briton
COUNTRY Wales / England
REGION Gwynedd {Gwin-eth} / Clwyd {clud}
TERRITORY Gwynedd / Lloegr
LANDMARKS Irish Sea
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 47-50
LEADERS Caratacus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Catuvellauni / Cornovii /
Demetae / Ordovices /
Silures
MAP
REF 91 - B
REMARKS The Deceangli tribe was settled in
Gwynedd,
north Wales and east to Chester and
Liverpool in England.
From AD 47-50, the tribe fought for
Caratacus and his
Catuvellauni warriors along with the
Cornovii, Demetae,
Ordovices and Silures tribes against the
invading Romans.
CULTURE Briton
COUNTRY Wales
REGION Dyfed
AGE Iron
DATES BC 1st c / AD 47-50
LEADERS Pwyll / Caratacus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Catuvellauni / Cornovii /
Deceangli / Ordovices
/ Silures
MAP
REF 92 - B
REMARKS The Demetae tribe were settled in Dyfed,
Wales.
During BC 1st century the head chieftain of
Dyfed, Pwyll,
died fighting against the invading
Catuvellauni tribe of
the Belgae culture.
From AD 47-50 the Demetae, Cornovii,
Deceangli,
Ordovices and Silures tribes supplied
warriors to help the
Catuvellauni freedom fighter Caratacus
against the invading
Romans.
EPITHET Vassals
ALTERNATIVE Decies / Deise / Deisi / Dessi
COUNTRY Ireland / Wales
REGION Dyfed / na Deise
TERRITORY Meath / Dungarvan / Munster / Leinster
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 3rd c / AD 277 / AD 6th c / AD 730
LEADERS Angus Gae-Aduath / Eochaidhe Allmuir /
Voteocorigas / Teudor mac Regin
MAP
REF 93 - B/(E) unmarked locations
REMARKS The Desi were a tribe of industrial
workers
involved with copper mines who settled in
the area of Tara
in Ireland.
During AD 3rd century the tribe had a
chieftain named Angus Gae-Aduath. A son of the high
chieftain of Ireland raped his niece and
Angus took revenge
by killing the warrior, but in the process
he also put out
the eye of the boy's father. The high chieftain had to
step down because of this blemish.
In AD 277, the new high chieftain
expelled the Desi
tribe from Meath. The tribe dispersed and some settled in
Leinster and Dungarvan in Munster. Others, under the
chieftain Eochaidh Allmuir, sailed to Wales
where they
settled in Dyfed. The area, still wild and desolate, is
known as na Deise.
An AD 6th century Desi ruler named Voteocorigas
(Voterporius) was considered a tyrant. In AD 730 the
territory was ruled by Teudor mac Regin, a
descendant of
Eochaidhe Allmuir of the Desi. His name was carved in
ogham on a standing stone now in the museum
at Carmarthen.
CULTURE Goidel / La Tène III / Aremorican
AFFILIATION clan of the Aulerci
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
SEE
ALSO Aulerci / Veneti
MAP
REF 94 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Diablintes were a clan of the
Aulerci. In
BC 56 they contributed warriors to help the
Veneti fight
the invading Romans.
CULTURE Pictish / La Tène A / Belgae
COUNTRY Germany
LANDMARKS Rhine / Main
SITES Mainz
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c
SEE ALSO Baiocasses / Cassi / Tricasses /
Veliocasses /
Viducasses
MAP REF 95 - C
REMARKS The Dii Casses were Brythonic-speaking
Celts of
the Pictish culture who left inscriptions at
Mainz on the
west bank of the Rhine at its confluence
with the Main
river.
The tribe was related to the Cassi, Baiocasses,
Tricasses, Veliocasses and Viducasses.
After BC 6th
century, the Dii Casses left their homeland
in Germany as
part of different waves of migration.
CULTURE Goidel (Trojan)
COUNTRY England
REGION Gloucestershire
TERRITORY Troad / Lloegr
CENTERS Bagendon
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 13th c / BC 11th c / BC 3rd-2nd /
AD 41 /
AD 43
SEE
ALSO Atrebates / Catuvellauni
MAP
REF 96 - B
REMARKS The Dobunni tribe was settled in the
area of
Gloucestershire with a center at Bagendon,
near present-day
Cirencester (Corinium). Because the old name of Corinium
suggests the Trojan (Goidel) leader Corineus
of the
Coritani tribe who settled in England in BC
11th century,
the Dobunni may have been older Goidel of
Troad who fought
for
Troy during the Trojan War of BC 13th century.
When the Belgae tribes began to arrive
in southern
England during BC 3rd-2nd century, the
Dobunni tribe came
under their influence and began to mint gold
coins at
Bagendon.
When Caratacus became the head
chieftain of the
Catuvellauni in AD 41, he expanded his
tribal territory by
subjugating the Dobunni and the neighboring
Atrebates. The
move prompted the Atrebates chieftain to run
to the Romans
for aid and led to the subsequent Roman
invasion of Britain
in AD 43.
EPITHET Dragons
ALTERNATIVE Draganes
CULTURE Ligurian
COUNTRY Spain / France
REGION Cantabria / Landes
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
LANDMARKS Pyrenees / Picos de Europa / Bay of Biscay
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c
DEITIES Busgosu
SEE
ALSO Cempsi / Saefes
MAP
REF 97 - C/D
REMARKS A BC 6th century tale related by Avieno
mentioned that the children of the Dragani
were settled in
Spain
and France, north of the Cempsi and Saefes tribes on
the Bay of Biscay side of the snowy Pyrenees
mountains. At
that time the Pyrenees range included the
Picos de Europa
in the northwest of Spain. The Dragani were of the
Ligurian culture and may have venerated the
god Busgosu.
CULTURE Pictish / Hallstatt / La Tène / Briton
COUNTRY England
REGION Dorset
TERRITORY Lloegr
CENTERS Maiden Castle (Mai Dun) / Hengistbury
Head
AGE Iron
DATES BC 8th c / BC 700 / BC 5th c / BC 150
/ BC 52 /
AD 43 or 44
SEE
ALSO Veneti
MAP
REF 98 - B
REMARKS The Durotriges were a tribe of Britons
who were
settled in Dorset by BC 5th century. The huge hillfort of
Mai Dun (Maiden Castle), dating originally
from BC 8th
century, was within their territory and so
was Hengistbury
Head, a site of Bronze Age barrows.
Hengistbury was a strategic promontory
fort dating
from about BC 700 with double ramparts and a
good natural
harbor.
The port was actively involved in Veneti sea trade
around BC 150, and the Durotriges
manufactured glass and
metal products including coins. Aremorican coins were
found at the site and a hoard of Celtic
coins found on the
island of Jersey included coins belonging to
the Durotriges
tribe.
Chariot wheel ruts have been found at Maiden Castle
that measure 3'6"-3'9" (Hallstatt)
and 4'8½" (La Tène).
After BC 52, Veneti from Gaul who
managed to escape
Caesar's attempt at genocide took refuge in
the territory
of the Durotriges and in AD 43 or 44 the
Romans attacked
the fortress of Maiden Castle and
slaughtered all males,
females and children.
ALTERNATIVE Eburon / Eburos
CULTURE La Tène II / Belgae
AFFILIATION client of the Treviri
COUNTRY Germany / Netherlands / Belgium / France
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Rhine / Maas
AGE Iron
DATES BC 2nd c / BC 57 / BC 54-53 / BC 50
LEADERS Galba (war leader) / Ambiorix /
Catuvolcus
SEE
ALSO Aduatuci / Nervi / Treviri
MAP
REF 99 - C
REMARKS In BC 2nd century the Eburones were
settled
along the left bank of the Rhine and across
the Maas rivers
in the lowlands of present-day Germany,
Netherlands,
Belgium and France.
In BC 57 when Caesar invaded Belgica,
the Eburones
contributed warriors to fight under Galba,
head chieftain
of the Suessiones. In BC 54 the Eburone chieftains
Ambiorix and Catuvolcus fought the invading
Roman army and
because they were a small tribe they invited
the Germani
from across the Rhine to help them. Caesar heard of the
invitation and invited the Gauls to invade
and plunder the
territory of the Eburones. In the winter of BC 53, the
Eburones with the help of the Aduatuci,
Nervi and their
clients allied under the Eburones chieftain
Ambiorix to
fight Rome.
In BC 50 Caesar again devastated their
territory in
another failed attempt at eliminating their
head chieftain
who was so successful in waging a guerrilla
war against the
Romans.
CULTURE Goidel / La Tène A / Aremorican
AFFILIATION clan of the Aulerci
COUNTRY Germany / France
REGION Normandy
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
LANDMARKS Mayenne / Sarthe / Loir / Iton / Eure
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTER Evreux
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 56 / BC 52
LEADERS Viridovix (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Aulerci / Lexovii / Venelli
MAP
REF 100 - C
REMARKS In BC 6th century the Eburovices left Germany
with their parent clan the Aulerci and
settled in Aremorica
around the headwaters of the Mayenne, Sarthe
and Loir
rivers and at Evreux on the Iton river, a
branch of the
Eure.
During the Roman invasion of Gaul in BC
56, the
Eburovices joined with the Aulerci and
Lexovii tribes,
killed their pro-Roman councillors and
aligned with
Viridovix, chieftain of the Venelli. They also contributed
warriors to fight the Romans in BC 52 during
the siege of
Alesia.
CULTURE Iberian / Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
LANDMARKS Gélise
CENTERS Eauze (Elusa)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 5th c / BC 2nd c / BC 56
SEE
ALSO Sontiati
MAP
REF 101 - C
REMARKS The Elusates were an Iberian tribe
settled in
Aquitanica after BC 5th century with a
center at Elusa
(Eauze) by the Gélise river. During BC 2nd century, the
tribe produced a coin called a Drachma. The tribe
contributed warriors to fight the invading
Romans during
the summer of BC 56 after the Sontiati were
defeated.
CULTURE Goidel
AFFILIATION Ui Liathain (clan) / Clanna Erainn of
Munster
(client)
COUNTRY Ireland
REGION Aran Islands - Inishmore
TERRITORY Munster / Connacht
CENTER Cashel / Dun Eoganachta
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 200 / AD 5th c
DEITIES Segomo
LEADERS Eoghan Mor
SEE
ALSO Erainn / Ui Liathain
MAP
REF 102 - (E) unmarked location
REMARKS Eoghan Mor was the progenitor of the
tribe of
Eoganachta.
Eoghan was a Gallic chieftain who invaded
Ireland and became the head chieftain of the
southern half
of the island around AD 200. His territory was known as
Leth Moga (The Half of Mug). His descendants still ruled
Munster from Cashel in AD 5th century. They venerated the
Celto-Ligurian god Segomo.
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Central / Kintyre / Knapdale / Argyll /
Lorne
LANDMARKS North Channel / Firth of Lorne
CENTERS Dunadd
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 2nd c / AD 5th c
SEE
ALSO Novantae / Dal Riada
MAP
REF 103 - B
REMARKS The Epidii were a tribe of
Brythonic-speaking
Picts who were settled in Scotland before AD
2nd century.
Their territory included Kintyre, Knapdale,
Argyll and
Lorne on the North Channel and the Firth of
Lorne. The
Epidii lived across the Firth of Clyde from
the Novantae
tribe.
In AD 5th century the Epidii were pushed out of
their territory by the invading Dal Riada.
EPITHET The Old Erainn (Sen Erainn)
ALTERNATIVE Clanna Erainn / Erenn Eireamhoin / Iverni
CULTURE Goidel
AFFILIATION Munster Erainn (client of the Eoganachta)
COUNTRY Ireland
REGION Limerick / Kerry / Cork
TERRITORY West Munster (Luachair)
LANDMARKS Slieve Mish / Corco Duibne / Dingle
Peninsula
SITES Teamhair Erann (Tara of the Erainn)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c / AD 200
SEE
ALSO Eoganachta
MAP
REF 104 - (E) unmarked location
REMARKS The Erainn were descendants of Oengus
Tuirmech
Temrach the 70th Goidel high chieftain of
Ireland in BC 4th
century.
The name Erainn derives from "eks-ranni" (those
who live outside the divisions).
Teamhair Erann (Tara of the Erainn) in
West Munster
was their burial center. The Erainn territory, called
Luachair, covered the parts of the counties
of Limerick and
Kerry and most of Cork. In AD 200, the Erainn of Munster
became a client tribe of the invading
Eoganachta tribe.
ALTERNATIVE Esuvii
CULTURE Aremorican
COUNTRY France
REGION Normandy
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
LANDMARKS Vilaine / Mayenne
AGE Iron
DATES BC 57 / BC 56
DEITIES Esus
SEE
ALSO Atesuii
MAP
REF 105 - C
REMARKS The tribal territory of the Esubii was
near the
headwaters of the Vilaine and the Mayenne
rivers in France.
The Esubii and Atesuii tribes claimed
descent from the god
Esus.
In BC 57, the Esubii submitted to Roman
domination but
after being forced to supply grain
throughout the winter
they rebelled and fought the Roman invaders
in BC 56.
ALTERNATIVE Euganei
CULTURE Ligurian
AFFILIATION client of the Veneti
COUNTRY Italy
LANDMARKS Alps / Adige
CENTERS Verona / Padua (Patavium)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c / BC 89
SEE
ALSO Rhaeti / Veneti
MAP
REF 106 - C
REMARKS The Euganean territory in BC 4th century
was in
the Alps north of Cisalpine Gaul, with
centers at Verona
and Patavium (Padua). The tribe became a client of the
Veneti.
They shared the territory with the Rhaeti, who had
settled there to escape the invading
Gauls. Some Euganean
mixed with the Rhaeti and spread into the
Alps, where they
mined and traded in iron ore.
The Romans invaded their territory
around BC 89 and
subjected the people, seizing control of
their mines.
EPITHET Warrior Band (Fingalians)
ALTERNATIVE Feinne / Fene [si-old Ir] / Feni [pl-old Ir]
/
Fennid / Fian [si-Scot] / Fiana / Fiann [si-
Scot] / Fianna {Fee-ana}
CULTURE Gallic / Goidel
COUNTRY Ireland
LANDMARKS Gabhrah {Gav-ra}
SITES hill of Skrene
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 3rd c / AD 284
LEADERS Fionn mac Cumhaill / Oscar
SEE
ALSO Galian
MAP
REF 107 - (E) unmarked location
REMARKS The Feachd na Féinn (Host of the Fians)
were
bands of professional warriors in Ireland
who were subject
to the Ard Righ Eirinn (high chieftain of
Ireland). The
warriors were picked from the subject clans
of the ruling
Goidel, the freeholders and the youngest of
the noble class
who would inherit nothing. Many claimed descent from the
Danann and the Firbolg. One of their greatest leaders,
Fionn mac Cumhaill, was of the clanna
Baoisgne of the
Galian.
The Fianna were rural people and their
territory was
the countryside and the waterways. There were many Fian,
each with a leader or chieftain who elected
a head
chieftain as their leader. At one time there were 150
chieftains, with 27 warriors each, giving a
total of 4050
warriors to be called upon by the Ard Righ.
The Fianna fought on foot, using mainly
the spear and
long shield but also swords. They were hunters as well as
warriors who spent the dark half of the year
(Samhain to
Beltainn) warring and the light half of the
year (Beltainn
to Samhain) hunting. They lived a semi-nomadic life with
many camps throughout Ireland and Scotland.
The Fianna was open to both males and
females and had
a rigorous set of tests that a candidate had
to pass before
being allowed to join a band. No one was accepted without
being versed in the 12 areas of poetry which
showed their
mental skills. Then they had to pass a number of physical
tests that proved they could defend
themselves and were
superior in the arts of running, jumping,
endurance, etc.
When a warrior joined the Fianna he or
she severed all
ties with the birth family, clan and tribal
chieftain.
Their kin and tuatha also had to release
them so that they
could not make a claim for or against them.
One way in which the Fianna were
financially
maintained was through bride price. All maidens had to be
offered first to the Fianna in marriage and
when those of
high birth were wed, the Fianna would
receive her weight in
gold and silver.
The end of the Fianna came in AD 284 at
the battle of
Gabhra when Oscar, chieftain of the Munster
Fianna and head
chieftain of all Fianna, came to do battle
with Cairbre,
the
new high chieftain of Ireland. Cairbre
had refused to
pay the bride price to the Fianna when his
daughter was
married.
The battle was fought by the stream of Gabhrah
near Tara on the hill of Skrene. Oscar and Cairbre both
died from the wounds they received when they
fought each
other in single combat.
EPITHET Worshippers of Domnu
ALTERNATIVE Damnonii (Scotland) / Domnain / Domnanid /
Domnann / Domnannaig (Ireland) /
Dumnonii
(England)
CULTURE Nemedian of the Yamnaya
COUNTRY Ireland / England / Scotland / France
REGION Cornwall / Devon / Somerset / Dorset /
Mayo /
Sligo / Strathclyde / Brittany
TERRITORY Connacht / Irrus Domnann / Domnonea /
Lloegr
LANDMARKS Promontory of Domnu (The Lizard) /
Malahide Bay
/ Clyde Basin
CENTERS Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 18th c / BC 16th c / BC 5th c / AD
90 / AD
2nd c / AD 5th c
DEITIES Domnu
LEADERS Indech
SEE
ALSO Fomorii / Nemedians
MAP
REF 108 - B/(E) unmarked location
REMARKS The Fir Domnann of Scotland were the
descendents
of Beoan, a son of the Nemedian (of the
Yamnaya culture)
who left Ireland in BC 18th c. They settled in Dobar and
Iardobar and by AD 2nd century Fir Domnann
were still
settled in southern Scotland south of the
Clyde in the
Strathclyde.
The Fir Domnann of England descended
from Fergus
Lethderg, another son of the Nemedians of Ireland. By BC
5th century the tribe was settled in the
counties of
Cornwall, Devon, Somerset and Dorset in
England. In Devon
and Dorset they became well-diggers because
of the chalky
soil in the region. A portion of the tribe was still
settled there in AD 90. In AD 5th century some of the Fir
Domnann migrated to Brittany in search of
empty land and
settled an area called Domnonea.
The Fir Domnann of Ireland were of the
goddess Domnu,
and fought on the side of the Fomorii during
the second
battle of Magh Tuireadh in BC 16th century
when the Danann
conquered Ireland.
During the Bronze Age, a portion of the
Fir Domnann
tribe was settled on the north coast of the
counties of
Mayo and Sligo in the old province of
Connacht where they
became known as the Domnannaig. Their territory was called
Irrus Domnann. The Land-bridge or Promontory of Domnu
(Erris Domnann) in county Mayo was called
after the tribal
goddess.
North of Dublin at Malahide Bay was called the
Rivermouth of the goddess Domnu (Inber
Domnann).
CULTURE Goidel / Gallic
AFFILIATION clan of the Arverni
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Cevennes / Aveyron / Allier
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 12th-9th c / BC 52
LEADERS Vercingetorix (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Arverni / Helvii / Ruteni
MAP
REF 109 - A/C
REMARKS The Gabali were a Goidel people and
buried their
dead in tumuli. They were a clan of the Arverni and
sometime between BC 12th and 9th centuries
they settled
south of the Arverni tribe in the Cevennes
Mountains around
the headwaters of the Allier and Aveyron
rivers.
In BC 52, the Gabali tribe joined with
the Ruteni and
the Arverni to fight for Vercingetorix
against the invading
Romans.
During the battle for Alesia, the Gabali and
Arverni tribes laid waste to the crops of
the Helvii so
that the Romans could not use them. They also supplied
horse warriors for the attack on the rear of
the Roman army
during the siege of Alesia.
EPITHET Spear Bearer
ALTERNATIVE Gaesati / Gaisatai (mercenaries)
CULTURE Late Hallstatt / Germani / Belgae
COUNTRY Germany / France / Belgium / Ireland /
Italy
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Vara / Magra / Alps
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 370 / BC 222 / AD 3rd
century
LEADERS Labraid Loingsech / Viridomar / Fionn
mac
Cumhaill
SEE
ALSO Fianna / Galian / Insubres /
Luaighni / Rhaeti
MAP
REF 110 - (C)/(E) unknown locations
REMARKS The Gaesatae (mercenaries) were
professional
foot-soldiers (battle-line) who fought with
a heavy spear
or javelin called a gaesum. The gaesum was made in many
personalized shapes and sizes. Javelin heads have been
found shaped like flames or broad leaves,
with crimped
edges, socketed or tanged heads and some
with holes in them
to reduce the weight. In the Pyrenees, all-iron javelins
have been found, and different stories
mention spears with
heads on both ends.
The Rhaeti of the Alps had Gaesatae who
were chariot
warriors or battle-line soldiers. There was a Germani
Gaesatae which contained many Belgae. The Gaesatae of the
Belgae culture wore trousers, carried heavy
slashing
swords, shields, rode in chariots and fought
with their
dreaded spears.
In the Italian valleys of the Vara and
Magra were
found carved stone boundary markers which
displayed naked
warriors wearing a dagger on the right side,
attached to a
waist belt.
In the right hand the warriors carried an axe
and in the left a spear. The inscription on one suggests
that they may have been guards of a holy
site or a border.
The Late Hallstatt dagger suggests a date
around BC 6th
century.
In BC 370 Labraid Loingsech led an army
of Galian and
Luaighni, who were Gaesetae warriors of
Gaul, to recover
his territory in Leinster. They later were referred to as
the Gailioin. In BC 222 the Insubres of Italy brought
30,000 Gaesatae warriors led by Viridomar to
fight the
Romans.
In AD 3rd century, Fionn mac Cumhaill was the
leader of the Fianna, which was a fighting
force of
Gaesatae warriors.
CULTURE Germani
COUNTRY England
REGION Isle of Wight
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd-2nd c
SEE
ALSO Cimbri
MAP
REF 111 - B
REMARKS In Welsh mythology in the time of the
Cimbri
chieftain Ce Hsones, the Galedin tribe were
given
permission to settle on the Isle of Wight
when their island
sank beneath the sea. They came in naked boats (no sails)
and for nine generations would have no
privileges or
immunities against the native people, but
they would have
their protection.
ALTERNATIVE Gaileoin / Galian / Gailioin / Fir Galian of
Leinster
CULTURE La Tène I / Gallic / Aremorican
AFFILIATION Ui Tarsigh (clan)
COUNTRY France / Ireland
REGION Leinster
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
CENTERS Dinn Rig
AGE Iron
DATES BC 370 / BC 1st c / AD 3rd c
LEADERS Labraid Loingsech (Moen) / Fionn mac
Cumhaill
SEE
ALSO Fianna / Gaesatae / Luaighni /
Ui Tarsigh
MAP
REF 112 - (C)/(E) unknown locations
REMARKS The Galian were part of the force of
Gaesatae
warriors led to Ireland by Labraid Loingsech
on the eve of
Samhain in BC 370. He led the warriors of the Galian and
Luaighni to attack Din Rig in order to reconquer
his
territory in Leinster. They fought with spears called
laighne (lyna) which had heads of blue-green
iron.
During the Cattle Raid of Cualgne in BC
1st century,
the Galian fought for the cause of
Connacht. They were
warriors of the highest quality, and their
professionalism
caused Medbh so much worry that Ferghus had
to distribute
them among the rest of the warriors, but
they still
outshone the others.
The Galian spread throughout Ireland
fighting as
mercenaries, and in AD 3rd century the
famous Fianna leader
Fionn mac Cumhaill was of the Clanna Ui
Tarsigh of the
Galian.
CULTURE Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
LANDMARKS Garonne (Garumna)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
LEADERS Adiatunnus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Sontiati
MAP
REF 113 - C
REMARKS The Garumni tribe took their name from
the
Garumna (Garonne) river in their
territory. They
contributed warriors to fight the invading
Romans during
the summer of BC 56 after the Sontiati were
defeated.
CULTURE Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
SEE
ALSO Sontiati
MAP
REF 114 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Gates tribe contributed warriors to
fight
the invading Romans during the summer of BC
56 after the
Sontiati were defeated.
ALTERNATIVE Geidumnii
CULTURE Belgae
AFFILIATION client of the Nervii
COUNTRY Netherlands / Belgium
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 54
LEADERS Ambiorix (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Nervii
MAP
REF 115 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Geidumni were a client tribe of the
Nervii
and in BC 54 they fought the Romans under
the war leader
Ambiorix.
CULTURE Gallic
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Graian Alps / Isère / Arc
AGE Iron
DATES BC 58
SEE
ALSO Caturiges / Centrones /
Helvetii
MAP
REF 116 - C
REMARKS The Graioceli settled in the Graian Alps
between
the Isère and Arc valleys. They helped their neighbors,
the Caturiges and Centrones tribes, slow
down Caesar's
progress on his campaign against the
Helvetii in BC 58.
ALTERNATIVE Gravii
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
AFFILIATION clan of the Bracari / Lusitani confederation
COUNTRY Spain / Portugal
REGION Galicia / Entre-Douro-e-Minho
LANDMARKS Atlantic / Qerez / Ulla / Minho / Douro
AGE Iron
DATES BC 7th c / BC 219
LEADERS Viriato (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Bracari / Lusitani
MAP
REF 117 - D
REMARKS The Grovii were a clan of the Early
Hallstatt
tribe the Bracari, and by BC 7th century had
settlements
around the Qerez, Ulla, Minho and Douro
rivers in Spain and
Portugal.
In BC 219, many warriors from the
Grovii tribe left to
fight for Hannibal during the 2nd Punic
war. During the
Roman invasion, the Grovii were part of the
Lusitani
confederation fighting under Viriato.
CULTURE Belgae
AFFILIATION client of the Nervii
COUNTRY Netherlands / Belgium
TERRITORY
Gaul / Belgica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 57
LEADERS Ambiorix (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Nervii
MAP
REF 118 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Grudii, client of the Nervii,
contributed
warriors to fight under Ambiorix against the
invading
Romans in BC 54.
CULTURE Germani
AFFILIATION clan of the Suebi confederation
COUNTRY Germany / Austria
LANDMARKS Inn / Danube / Rhine
AGE Iron
DATES BC 1st c / BC 58
LEADERS Ariovistos (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Suebi
MAP
REF 119 - A
REMARKS During BC 1st century, the Harudes tribe
were
settled on the right bank of the Rhine
between the Danube
and the Inn rivers and were a clan of the
Suebi
confederation.
In BC 58, warriors of the Harudes tribe crossed the
Rhine into Gaul to help Ariovistos with his
war against
Caesar.
They had a combined force of 6,000 horse warriors
and 6,000 foot-warriors. The two types of warrior fought
together as teams. The foot-warrior kept up with the
horse-warrior by holding the mane or tail of
the horse
while running alongside.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt / La Tène II / Gallic
AFFILIATION Tigurini and Tugeni (clans) / Tulingi
(client)
COUNTRY Germany / Switzerland / France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhine / Main / Bernese Oberland /
Hercynian
Forest / Jura Mtns / Lake Leman /
Rhône / Alps
SITES Bibracte / Alise Ste Reine (Alesia) /
Geneva
(Chougny)
CENTERS Avenches (Aventicum)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 9th c / BC 113 / BC 109 / BC 105 /
BC 58 /
BC 52
LEADERS Orgetorix
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Allobroges / Ambrones /
Boii / Cimbri /
Latobrigi / Raurici / Santoni / Sequani /
Teutoni / Tigurini / Tugeni /
Tulingi
MAP
REF 120 - A/C
REMARKS During BC 9th century, the homeland of
the
Helvetii was a vast mountainous area on the
right bank of
the Rhine south of the Main in central
western Germany. The
Helvetii kept the tradition of their
ancestors and buried
their dead in tumuli. They were the last of the ancient
Celtic people to leave this area of Germany
and it was the
incoming tribes of the Germani culture that
helped them on
their way.
When the Cimbri, Teutoni and Ambrones
tribes entered
their territory in BC 113, the Helvetii and
their clans
joined with them on their way into Gaul in
BC 109, leaving
behind the "Desert of the
Helvetii". In France, the
warriors ran into three Roman armies which
they defeated.
The Helvetii and their clans then split
from the
Cimbri and Teutones and headed into
Switzerland where in BC
105 they settled on the plateau north of the
Bernese
Oberland.
The Hercynian Forest started on the border of
their territory and Aventicum (Avenches) was
their center.
The Rhine separated them from the Germani
tribes, and the
Jura mountain range was the boundary between
their
territory and that of the Sequani. The Rhône and Lake
Leman (Lake Geneva) protected them from
Roman territory.
The Helvetii were surrounded by natural
boundaries
which protected them, but their territory
was less than
250x200 or 50,000 square miles (400x300 or
120,000 sq km).
By BC 58 they were becoming overcrowded, and
engaged in
constant warfare with the Germani tribes on
the other side
of the Rhine.
A chieftain named Orgetorix instigated
a great
migration by negotiating passage through the
territories of
the Sequani and Ædui to reach the land of
the Santoni
where they had made a deal for a new
territory. Orgetorix
was murdered and never made the journey.
Caesar considered the migration a
threat to Rome and
he preferred having the Celts between him
and the Germans
whom he feared so much. He therefore destroyed the bridge
that spanned the Rhône at present-day Geneva
(Chougny).
This was in the territory of the Allobroges
which was then
under the Roman yoke. The Helvetii had tried many times to
deal peacefully with Caesar but he hated the
Tigurini, a
clan of the Helvetii, and held them
personally responsible
for the death of his father-in-law's
grandfather back in BC
107.
The defeat of the Roman armies at the time had caused
embarassment to the Roman people.
When the Great Migration began on March
28 in BC 58,
the Helvetii had no intention of returning,
and burned
their houses behind them, destroying 12
oppida and 400
villages of roughly 640 people each. Along with the
263,000 Helvetii, there were 32,000 Boii,
36,000 Tulingi,
23,000 Raurici, and 14,000 Latobrigi,
totalling 368,000
men, women and children plus cattle and
wagons to carry
their possessions and food. They had no other choice but
to cross the Jura Mountains and pass through
the territory
of the Sequani and the Ædui.
At Bibracte in Burgundy, Caesar
attacked the migrating
people without warning. Of the 368,000 people, only 92,000
were able warriors. Only 110,000 people survived the
slaughter, and except for the Boii who were
allowed to
settle on Ædui territory, the rest were sent
back to
survive the winter without homes or
crops. Caesar had
murdered 258,000 men, women and
children. This proved to
be just a warm-up for the cruelty he would
inflict on the
Celtic people before he finished his reign
of terror in
Gaul.
In BC 52 the Helvetii supplied 8000 warriors to help
fight against Caesar during the siege of
Alesia.
ALTERNATIVE Helvi
CULTURE Gallic
COUNTRY France
REGION Provence
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Cevenne / Allier / Loire / Rhône
AGE Iron
DATES BC 83 / BC 52
SEE
ALSO Arverni / Gabali / Helvetii
MAP
REF 121 - C
REMARKS The Helvii may have been a clan of the
Helvetii.
Their territory was in the Cevennes
Mountains and included
the Allier and Rhône rivers and the
headwaters of the
Loire.
In BC 83 the tribe submitted to Rome, their
territory becoming a part of Province.
During the siege of Alesia in BC 52,
Vercingetorix
sent horse warriors from the Arverni and
Gabali tribes into
their territory to burn their crops so that
they could not
supply food for the Romans.
CULTURE Gallic
COUNTRY Albania
LANDMARKS Balkan Peninsula / Vijose / Adriatic Sea
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c
LEADERS Brennus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Scordisci
MAP
REF 122 - A
REMARKS The Hylli tribe may have been formed by
warriors
from the remnants of Brennus's army who
settled by the
Vijose river on the Adriatic Sea. The other possibility is
that they were a local tribe who were
Celticized by the
Scordisci when they settled in the area.
CULTURE Hallstatt
COUNTRY Yugoslavia
TERRITORY Pannonia
LANDMARKS Adriatic Sea
CENTERS Metulum / Avendone / Monetium
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c / BC 171 / BC 129-56 / BC 52
MAP
REF 123 - A
REMARKS The Iapodes tribe lived in the mountains
east of
the Adriatic Sea with centers at Metulum,
Avendone and
Monetium.
The warriors tatooed their bodies like the
Picts, Illyrians and Thracians.
In BC 171, the Iapodes harrassed the
Roman colony of
Aquileia in Illyricum and from BC 129-56
they fought with
the Romans, ending in a treaty which was
broken in BC 52.
ALTERNATIVE Iceni {Ekeni}
CULTURE Pictish / La Tène A / Briton
AFFILIATION Achaeans
COUNTRY Netherlands / England
REGION Norfolk / Suffolk
TERRITORY Lloegr
LANDMARKS Icknield Way
SITES St Albans (Verulamium) / London
(Londinium) /
Colchester (Camulodun - fortress
of Camulos)
CENTERS Caistor St Edmund (Venta Icenorum)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 15th-13th c / BC 13th c / BC 5th c
/ BC 10 /
AD 41 / AD 59
DEITIES Andrasta
LEADERS Hu Gardarn / Pratugasus / Boudicca
SEE
ALSO Atrebates / Cantii / Regni /
Trinovantes
MAP
REF 124 - B
REMARKS The Iceni were one of the tribes led by
Hu
Gardarn from Thrace to the North Sea
sometime around BC
15th-13th century. When they crossed over to England
(Lloegr) by way of the Netherlands they
settled in Norfolk
and Suffolk with a center at Caistor St
Edmund outside
Norwich.
The name of the ancient track known as the
Icknield Way which begins (or ends) at the
fort is probably
associated with their tribal name.
Because the Iceni arrived in England
during BC 13th
century and settled near Troy (Gogmagog
Hills, England) it
is easy to imagine that they were a part of
the Achaean
confederation who destroyed Troy. The Iceni were chariot
warriors who became rich in minerals,
trading Irish gold to
Europe from Norfolk. It is believed that they brought gold
from Ireland via Anglesey, the druidic
center.
The Iceni were affected by the
Trinovantes, Picts from
Brittany, who brought the La Tène A
culture. By BC 5th
century, the Trinovantes were in control of
Lloegr. The
Iceni minted their first coins around BC 10,
cast with
images of boars and horses.
When the Romans arrived in AD 41, the
Iceni chieftain
Pratugasus thought that he could protect the
tribal holding
by becoming a client of Rome. When he died in AD 59, he
left half of his worth to Rome and the other
half to his
daughters.
The Romans, who had earlier given the
chieftain a
grant, now under Nero considered it to have
been a loan and
demanded payment. The Iceni tribe was also sufferring the
burden of land tax, property tax, customs
dues and a corn
levy which had forced them to borrow from a
Roman money
lender who charged them high interest
rates. Senece, the
lender, then called the loan and with it the
outstanding
interest.
The Celts were not experienced at dealing in
this type of financial trickery or with this
type of
criminal.
The end result was that the Iceni lost land,
cattle, grain and other possessions in lieu
of payment.
The Roman government then confiscated
the legacy that
Pratugasus had left to his daughters. Roman bureaucrats
refused to allow his wife Boudicca to become
chieftain,
even though the tribe had elected her. The warriors of the
Iceni were becoming very angry at the
interference of a
foreign power in their tribal business. The Roman military
was sent to quell their anger and during the
encounter
Boudicca was beaten and her daughters were
raped.
The Iceni tribe revolted against Rome
and were joined
by their neighbors the Trinovantes. The injustice and
deceit of the Romans sent them on a wild
rampage of
destruction against anything Roman. The warriors, led by
Boudicca, sacked and burned to the ground
the Roman centers
of Camulodun (Colchester), Londinium
(London) and
Verulamium (St Albans). Boudicca sacrificed the enemy and
their goods to the war goddess Andrasta.
When Rome destroyed the druidic center
at Anglesey the
Iceni lost their initiative and it was not
long before they
were subdued by the Roman occupational
army. After the
Roman conquest of England, the Atrebates,
Cantii, Iceni,
Regni and Trinovantes tribes were grouped
together into a
province.
CULTURE Goidel / Early Hallstatt / Gallic / La
Tène
AFFILIATION clan of the Ædui
COUNTRY Germany / France / Italy
TERRITORY Gaul / Cisalpine Gaul / Plain of the
Insubres
LANDMARKS Rhine / Plateau of Somma / Ticino / Addua
/ Como
/ Maggiore
SITES Melzo (Melpum) / Chiusi (Cousium) /
Rome
CENTERS Milan (Mediolanum)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th c / BC 4th c / BC 391 / BC 196
LEADERS Ambicatus (Rix) / Bellovesus / Segovesus
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Ambarri / Andes /
Arverni / Aulerci /
Bituriges / Boii / Carnuti / Cenomani / Insubres
/ Lingones / Senones
MAP
REF 125 - A/C
REMARKS The Insubres, who were a clan of the
Ædui, left
the Goidel Homeland in BC 9th century and
travelled along
with the Ædui to Gaul, where they
settled. A portion of
the tribe split off and eventually migrated
over the Alps
and into Italy and when they reached the
Plateau of Somma,
they settled along the banks of the Ticino
river. Their
territory was called the Plain of the
Insubres. These
warriors were carrying the long Hallstatt
swords.
By BC 4th century, the Insubres of Gaul
belonged to a
confederation of related tribes led at the
time by
Ambicatus of the Bituriges. The confederation included the
Ædui, Ambarri, Andes, Arverni, Aulerci, Bituriges,
Carnuti, Cenomani, Insubres, Lingones and Senones tribes.
In BC 391 two swarms of warriors,
consisting of young
males and females from the confederation,
were led to new
lands.
Bellovesus led his warriors over the Alps to
northern Italy and Segovesus took his people
through the
Hercynian Forest of Germany, Austria,
Hungary and former
Yugoslavia.
The followers of Bellovesus were mostly
warriors of
the Insubres tribe. They followed a trail that led them
across the Alps by the valley of the Dora
Baltea where they
defeated the Etruscans by the Ticino
river. The tribe
considered the fact that the territory had
the name "Plain
of the Insubres" a good omen and
settled in the area of
their ancestors, a territory bordered by
Lake Maggiore,
Lake Como and the two rivers Ticino and
Addua.
A few years later, the Boii, Senones
and Lingones
tribes joined with the Insubres, destroyed
the Etruscan
town of Melpum (Melzo) and founded
Mediolanum (Milan). The
Celts then attacked and captured Cousium
(Chiusi) and Rome.
By BC 196 they had lost control of the area
to the Romans
but remained a distinct culture for several
centuries.
CULTURE Germani / Germano-Celtic
COUNTRY Denmark / Germany / England
REGION Jutland / Kent / Wessex / Isle of Wight
LANDMARKS Cimbrian Peninsula / Severn
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 5th c / AD 577
SEE
ALSO Angles / Saxons
MAP
REF 126 - A/B
REMARKS The Jutes lived on the Cimbrian
Peninsula north
of the Angles. In AD 5th century, a Celtic chieftain named
Vortigern invited the Angles, Jutes and
Saxons to settle in
southern England. By AD 577 the Jutes were settling in
Kent and Wessex to the Severn river and on
the Isle of
Wight.
There they intermingled with the local population
of Celtic people and in time a
Germano-Celtic population
developed.
CULTURE Celto-Ligurian / Gallic
AFFILIATION clan of the Salluvii
COUNTRY France / Italy
TERRITORY Gaul / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhône / Po
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c
SEE
ALSO Boii / Salluvii
MAP
REF 127 - C
REMARKS The Laevi were a clan of the Salluvii
who left
their territory on the east bank of the
Rhône and travelled
over the Alps to settle among the Boii and
the Salluvii
north of the Po river in Italy.
ALTERNATIVE Latovici
CULTURE Early Hallstatt / Gallic
AFFILIATION clan of the Volcae
COUNTRY France / Switzerland
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhine / Doubs / Jura / Vosges
AGE Iron
DATES BC 5th c / BC 58
SEE
ALSO Helvetii / Raurici / Volcae
MAP
REF 128 - C
REMARKS The Latobrigi were a clan of the Volcae.
In BC
5th century they settled near the Raurici
tribe between the
Rhine and the Doubs and between the Jura and
Vosges
Mountains.
On March 28 in the year BC 58, 14,000
people of the
Latobrigi gathered their belongings
together, burned their
homes and set out on a long migration with
the Helvetii and
other tribes to the promised land. They never reached
their destination. Because of personal reasons and because
of his fear of the German tribes, Caesar
murdered 258,000
men, women and children of the migrating
community out of a
total of 368,000 of whom only 92,000 could
bear arms. The
barbarity of this massacre was glossed over
in Caesar's
reports, as was his continual refusal to
mention that he
fought female warriors.
ALTERNATIVE Lemovii
CULTURE La Tène A / Gallic
COUNTRY Germany / France
REGION Haute-Vienne
TERRITORY Gaul / Limousin
LANDMARKS Rhine / Vienne / Isle
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTER Limoges
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 52
LEADERS Sedulios
MAP
REF 129 - C
REMARKS The Lemovices were a La Tène A people
and in BC
6th century, warriors of the tribe left
their homeland in
Germany on the right bank of the Rhine and
migrated to
France.
They settled at the headwaters of the Vienne and
Isle rivers. They had a center at Limoges in the region of
Limousin, both named after them.
In BC 52 they supplied warriors to
fight the Romans
during the battle of Alesia where their
chieftain Sedulios
was killed.
CULTURE Late Hallstatt / Gallic
COUNTRY Switzerland / Italy
TERRITORY Gaul / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhône / Alps / Val d'Ossola / Ticino / Val
Leventina
CENTERS Ornavasso / Giubiasco
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c
MAP
REF 130 - C
REMARKS The homeland of the Lepontii was in
Switzerland
at the headwaters of the Rhône between the
Bernese and
Pennine Alps.
In BC 4th century, they were a part of
the Alpine
migration of Celts into northern Italy. The tribe settled
in the Val d'Ossola and the Val
Leventina. They had
centers at Ornavasso and Giubiasco. Artifacts have been
found at sites in their territory with
Celtic names
inscribed on them.
ALTERNATIVE Litavia
CULTURE Pictish / La Tène A / Aremorican /
Briton
COUNTRY France / England
REGION Brittany / Cornwall
TERRITORY Thrace / Gaul / Aremorica / Llydaw /
Lloegr
LANDMARKS Loire / Leguer
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 15th-13th c / BC 6th c
LEADERS Hu Gardarn / Prydain
MAP
REF 131 - C/(B) unknown location
REMARKS The Letavia were one of the tribes of
the
Pictish culture who in BC 15th-13th century
were led by Hu
Gardarn from Thrace to the North Sea, then
travelled south
to Llydaw (Brittany) where they settled
between the Liger
(Loire) and Leguer rivers.
In BC 6th century, a chieftain called
Prydain led
warriors of the Pictish tribes to Cornwall
in England
(Lloegr) where they became known as the
Britons.
EPITHET The Lightners
CULTURE Early Hallstatt / La Tène II / Belgae
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Meuse / Moselle
AGE Iron
DATES BC 9th c / BC 58
SEE
ALSO Lingones / Sequani / Treveri
MAP
REF 132 - C
REMARKS The Leuci, like the Treveri, were
Hallstatt
Celts who were settled between the Meuse and
Moselle rivers
in France by BC 9th century.
In BC 58 the Leuci, Lingones and
Sequani tribes
supplied grain to Rome when Caesar was
fighting Ariovistos.
CULTURE Belgae
AFFILIATION client of the Nervii
COUNTRY Netherlands / Belgium
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 54
LEADERS Ambiorix (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Eburones / Nervii
MAP
REF 133 - C
REMARKS The Levaci were a client tribe of the
Nervii and
in BC 54 fought against the invading Romans
under the
Eburones' chieftain Ambiorix.
ALTERNATIVE Lexovia
CULTURE Pictish / La Tène A / Aremorican /
Briton
AFFILIATION Viducasses (client)
COUNTRY France / England
REGION Normandy / Cornwall
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica / Lloegr
LANDMARKS Channel / Orne / Seine / Touques
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Lisieux
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 15th-13th c / BC 6th c / BC 56 / BC
56-55 /
BC 52
LEADERS Hu Gardarn / Prydain / Viridovix (war
leader)
SEE
ALSO Aulerci / Venelli / Viducasses
MAP
REF 134 - C/(B) unknown location
REMARKS The Lexovii were one of the Pictish
tribes that
followed Hu Gardarn from Thrace to the North
Sea, then
turned south and settled in Aremorica
sometime between BC
15th-13th century.
The territory of the Lexovii tribe was
along the
Channel between the Orne and Seine rivers,
with a center at
Lisieux on the Touques river. When the Viducasses arrived
in BC 6th century bringing La Tène A
culture, they became a
client tribe of the Lexovii. In the same century, a
Pictish chieftain named Prydain led warriors
of the tribes
to Cornwall in England. In later years the Lexovii minted
their own coins.
In BC 56 the Lexovii warriors killed their pro-Roman
councillors and fought under the Venelli
chieftain
Viridovix.
After losing the battle they had to suffer the
indignity of putting up Roman soldiers for
the winter of BC
56-55, during which time they and the
Aulerci tribe were
forced to feed the invaders.
In BC 52 the Lexovii supplied 3,000
horse warriors to
help attack the Roman rear guard who were
sieging the
fortress of Alesia.
ALTERNATIVE Libui
CULTURE Celto-Ligurian / Gallic
AFFILIATION clan of the Salluvii
COUNTRY France / Italy
TERRITORY Gaul / Cisalpine
LANDMARKS Po / Dora Baltea / Dora Riparia / Sesia
CENTERS Turin (Torino) / Vercelli (Vercellae)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c
SEE
ALSO Salluvii
MAP
REF 135 - C
REMARKS The homeland of the Libici was in
southeastern
France near present-day Marseilles. They were a clan of
the Salluvii tribe who were a mixture of
Ligurians and
Early Hallstatt invaders.
In BC 4th century some of the tribe migrated to
northern Italy where they settled by the Po,
Dora Baltea,
Dora Riparia and Sesia rivers. The Libici of Italy had
centers at Torino (Turin) and Vercellae
(Vercelli).
CULTURE Goidel / La Tène A / Gallic
AFFILIATION Tricasses (client)
COUNTRY Germany / France / Italy
REGION Haute-Marne / Lower Emilia
TERRITORY Gaul / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhine / Vosges Mtns / Langres Plateau /
Yonne /
Saône / Meuse / Moselle / Marne /
Seine /
Garonne / Alps / Po
SITES Bourbonne-les-Bains / Beire-le-Chatel
CENTERS Langres (Andematunnum)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 7th c / BC 6th c / BC 4th c / BC 58
/ BC 52 /
BC 51-50
DEITIES Baco / Borvo / Damona / Ianuaria / Mabon
/
Moccos / Modron
LEADERS Ambicatus (Rix) / Orgetorix
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Ambarri / Andes /
Arverni / Aulerci /
Bellovaci / Bituriges / Boii / Carnuti /
Cenomani / Insubres / Leuci / Senones / Sequani
/ Tricasses / Turoni
MAP REF 136 - A/C
REMARKS In BC 7th century, the territory of the
Lingones
was on the right bank of the Rhine near the
Boii in central
western Germany. The Ædui, Ambarri, Aulerci, Carnuti,
Lingones, Senones, Sequani and Turoni tribes
were all
related by blood.
In BC 6th century, warriors of the
Lingones tribe
probably armed with La Tène A weapons moved
across the
Rhine and settled in the Vosges Mountains
and over to the
Yonne river on the Langres plateau. The territory included
the headwaters of a number of rivers
including the Marne
and the Saône. They had a center at Andematunnum (Langres)
and sacred springs at Bourbonne-les-Bains and
Beire-le-
Chatel.
During BC 4th century, the Lingones
belonged to a
confederation of related tribes headed at
the time by
Ambicatus of the Bituriges. The confederation also
included the Ædui, Ambarri, Andes, Arverni,
Aulerci,
Bituriges, Carnuti, Cenomani, Insubres and
the Senones
tribes.
During this time a portion of the tribe settled on
the Garonne along with some of their Senones
allies.
Lingones warriors joined with those of
the Boii and
travelled over the Pennine Alps and into
northern Italy
where they settled south of the Po in Lower
Emilia. From
there they controlled the mouth of the Po
river.
In BC 58 the Gallic Lingones supported
Orgetorix
during his campaign against Roman rule but
together with
the Leuci and the Sequani they supplied
grain to Caesar in
his fight against Ariovistos.
In BC 52 the Lingones withheld troops
from helping
Vercingetorix and in BC 51-50 they supplied
Caesar with
horse warriors in his campaign against the
Bellovaci.
ALTERNATIVE Lagin / Luaighne
CULTURE La Tène I / Belgae
COUNTRY Belgium / Ireland
REGION Meath / Lune
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica / Leinster
LANDMARKS Shannon / Irish Sea
SITES Dinn Rig
AGE Iron
DATES BC 370 / AD 2nd c
LEADERS Labraid Loingsech / Cairbre Caitcheann
SEE
ALSO Gaesatae / Galian / Menapii
MAP
REF 137 - (C)/(E) unknown locations
REMARKS The Luaighni were a part of the force of
Gaesatae warriors who followed Labraid
Loingsech from the
continent to Ireland and attacked Dinn Rig
on the eve of
Samhain in BC 370. The warriors fought with a spear that
had a broad head of blue-green iron called a
laighni
(lyna).
The warriors gave their name to the
province of
Leinster (Laighin). They finally settled between the
Shannon and the Irish Sea. They also settled in county
Meath in the Barony of Lune which was called
after them.
This may have been the forerunner of the
migration of a
branch of the Menapii tribe. They and the Galian were both
Gaesatae warriors from Gaul.
Cairbre Caitcheann was a chieftain of
the Luaighni in
AD 2nd century at the time that they were
rent-payers to
the Goidel rulers.
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Caithness / Sutherland
LANDMARKS Noss Head / Dornoch Firth / North Sea
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 2nd c
MAP
REF 138 - B
REMARKS In AD 2nd century, the Lugi were
situated in
northern Scotland in the present-day regions
of Caithness
and Sutherland, from Noss Head to Dornoch
Firth along the
coast of the North Sea.
CULTURE La Tène II / Belgae
COUNTRY Spain
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
SITES Tarragona
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c
DEITIES Lugh
MAP
REF 139 - D
REMARKS The Lugoves tribe entered Spain during
the
Belgic expansion of La Tène II around BC 3rd
century. The
bootmakers of the Lugoves tribe venerated
Lugh at
Tarragona.
ALTERNATIVE Lucis
CULTURE Tartessian / Hallstatt
AFFILIATION clan of Lusones / Lusitani confederation
COUNTRY Portugal
TERRITORY Lusitania
LANDMARKS Douro / Tagus / Serra de Caramulo / Serra
de
Estrela
CENTERS Celiobriga / Conimbriga / Lacobriga /
Mirobriga
/ Talabriga
AGE Iron
TIME
PERIOD BC 6th c / BC 3rd c / BC 219 /
BC 2nd c / BC 139
/ AD 16th c
DEITIES Luso / Ares / Endovelico / Artegina
LEADERS Viriato (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Artabri / Bracari / Callaici /
Carpetani /
Cempsi / Grovii / Lusones / Saefes / Vaccaei /
Vettones
MAP
REF 140 - D
REMARKS The writer Avieno referred to a BC 6th
century
Phoenician navigational guide book that
mentioned the Lucis
tribe as being in the snowy territory north
of the Cempsi
and the Saefes.
By BC 3rd century, the Lusitani had
settlements
between the Douro and Tagus rivers in
Portugal with centers
at Celiobriga, Conimbriga, Lacobriga, Mirobriga and
Talabriga. The Lusitani were a
fusion of Hallstatt Celts
with the ancient Tartessians. The Celtic side of the
Lusitani were a clan of the Lusones tribe
who claimed to
have been descendants of Luso, son of Baco
the god of
boars.
The Lusitani had a war god named Endovelico and a
war goddess called Artegina.
The Lusitani were a very agile highland
cattle people
preferring to live in almost inaccessible
craggy mountains
and only venturing to the lowlands to
plunder. They used
leather boats and dugout canoes to navigate
the rivers but
avoided ocean travel. They made use of horses in war and
peace.
They bartered goods and used shavings of silver for
coins.
Their basic clothing was made from
coarse black goat-
hair or goatskin but for battle the clothing
was colorfully
embroidered. They wore torcs, leather or metal helmets
with three plumes, thick linen vests, tunics
or kilts,
leather or fabric putties or spats to
protect the legs, and
when appropriate a long cloak as well. They fought with
short daggers, javelins which were all or
half iron,
bronze-tipped lances for stabbing and a
small shield called
a caetra.
The shield, concave on the outside, was only 2
feet in diameter and rather than being
carried in the hand,
it was affixed to the front of the body by
leather straps.
Both sexes wore their hair long and
held it in place
with a headband during battle. They used saunas and oiled
their bodies, slept on beds of straw on the
ground and
covered themselves with woolen
blankets. Their preference
in food was acorn bread, butter, goats'
milk, chestnuts,
spring water and barley beer, reserving wine
for special
festivals.
They ate one communal meal a day, sitting in a
circle on stone benches. They served the food from wooden
and clay vessels, passing it around the
circle starting
with the oldest and most important member.
The Lusitani played many games that
relied on physical
dexterity such as boxing, racing and
practice combats on
horse or on foot. They danced in circles with males and
females joining hands. The dances involved the use of high
jumps as well as vocal accompaniment to
flutes and
trumpets.
Their shamans often cut off the right
hands of their
prisoners and used their entrails to divine
the future. The
prisoners, as well as horses and male goats,
were
sacrificed to the deity Ares. Criminals condemned to death
were thrown off cliffs, while a tribe member
found guilty
of killing near kin was stoned to death.
The Lusitani practiced cremation,
placing articles
such as amulets, ceramics, fibulae and
weapons with the
ashes.
They sometimes placed the ashes in urns but at
other times put them in a stone-covered
rectangular cavity
in a rock or scattered them to the
wind. At funerals of
heroes, such as that of Viriato, the
Lusitani would perform
hecatombs (the sacrificing of 100
oxen). They displayed
their sick on the pathways so that if
passers-by recognized
the ailment, they could suggest a cure.
In BC 219, warriors of the Lusitani
tribe joined up
with Hannibal the Carthaginian and followed
him to Italy to
fight the Romans. When the Romans began to expand into
Spain and Portugal early in BC 2nd century,
the Artabri,
Bracari, Callaici, Carpetani, Grovii,
Vaccaei and Vettones
tribes formed a confederation under the Lusitani
tribe to
fight against the invaders. Viriato led the Lusitani
confederation in repeated attacks against
the Romans.
Because of the agility and ease of movements
of the
warriors in dangerous mountain territory,
they posed a
serious threat to the Romans. After many Lusitani
victories against the invaders, Rome hired
three traitors
to assassinate Viriato in BC 139. After his death, the
Romans were finally able to conquer their
territory. In AD
16th century, the name
"Lusitanian" became vogue as a
reference to modern-day Portuguese.
CULTURE Ligurian / Urnfield-Hallstatt / Iberian
AFFILIATION Lusitani (clan)
COUNTRY Spain
LANDMARKS Tagus / Turia / Jalon
CENTERS Daroca (Contrebia) / Munebrega
(Mundobriga) /
Calatorao (Nertobriga)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 5th c
DEITIES Luso
SEE
ALSO Lusitani
MAP
REF 141 - D
REMARKS The Lusones were a Celto-Ligurian
population who
were invaded by the northward-moving Iberians
sometime
around BC 5th century. They had settlements around the
headwaters of the Tagus, Turia, Jalon and
several other
smaller rivers in Spain.
The Lusones had centers at Contrebia
(Daroca),
Mundobriga (Munebrega) and Nertobriga (Calatorao). They
claimed descent from Luso, son of Baco the
god of boars.
The Hallstatt part of the Lusitani tribe
were probably a
clan of the Lusones.
CULTURE Celtiberian
COUNTRY Spain
REGION Soria
LANDMARKS Duero river
AGE Iron
DATES BC 2nd c.
MAP
REF 142 - D
REMARKS During the siege of Numantia in BC 2nd
century,
a chieftain named Rhetogenes tried to
solicit help in the
defence of the fortress.
Warriors of the Lutia tribe agreed to
help but the
Roman commander received news of the
situation and
surrounded the village of the Lutia with his
soldiers. All
the young warriors of the tribe were ordered
to come
forward.
He then commanded his soldiers to cut off the
right hand of each one.
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Central / Lothian
LANDMARKS Forth
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 200 / AD 6th c
SEE
ALSO Caledonii
MAP
REF 143 - B
REMARKS In AD 200, the territory of the Maeatae
was
north of the Antonine Wall on both sides of
the Forth
river, just south of the Caledonii
tribe. They were
recognized as a tribe in that area until AD
6th century.
CULTURE La Tène A / Gallic
COUNTRY France
REGION Côte d'Or
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Yonne / Seine / Serein / Aube
CENTERS Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 52
DEITIES Alisanos / Baco / Moritasgos / Vindonnos
LEADERS Vercingetorix (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Sequani
MAP
REF 144 - C
REMARKS Around BC 6th century, the Mandubii
tribe
invaded the territory of the Sequani and
pushed them to the
east.
The Mandubii then settled in the present-day region
of Côte d'Or with an oppidum at Alesia,
thought to be on
Mt. Auxois, near Alise Ste Reine.
During BC 1st century, they contributed
warriors to
fight the invading Romans and in BC 52 they
sacrificed
their fortress at Alesia when Vercingetorix
was besieged
during the last stand for Celtic
independence in Gaul. The
Mandubii tribe supplied most of the grain
and cattle to
feed the defenders during the siege at
Alesia.
EPITHET Marchmen
ALTERNATIVE Marcomanni
CULTURE Germani / La Tène II / Germano-Celtic
AFFILIATION clan of the Suebi confederation
COUNTRY Germany / Czech
REGION Wrttemberg / Bohemia
LANDMARKS Rhine / Main / Black Forest / Danube /
Abnoba
AGE Iron
DATES BC 109 / BC 58 / BC 9
LEADERS Ariovistos (war leader) / Marbod
SEE ALSO Boii / Cimbri / Helvetii / Suebi /
Teutoni
MAP
REF 145 - A
REMARKS The Marcomani tribe evolved from the
warriors
left behind when the Cimbri, Teutoni,
Helvetii and other
Celtic tribes departed in BC 109. The tribe occupied the
area known as the Desert of the Helvetii, a
vast empty area
on the right bank of the Rhine south of the
Main. Their
territory included the Silva Marciana (Black
Forest) in the
mountain range known as Abnoba which contains the
headwaters of the Danube. They chose a Celtic name which
meant frontiersmen (Marchmen).
In BC 58, warriors of the Marcomani
tribe, as a clan
of the Suebi confederation, crossed the
Rhine into Gaul to
help Ariovistos in his battle against
Caesar. They had a
combined force of 6,000 horse warriors and
6,000 foot-
warriors.
The two types of warrior fought together as a
team.
The foot-warrior kept up with the horse-warrior by
running alongside the horse, holding onto
its mane or tail.
Also around BC 58, the Boii departed
from their
territory in Bohemia, leaving a vacant area
known as the
Desert of the Boii. In BC 9 the Marcomani, under their
chieftain Marbod, moved to that area to
settle.
ALTERNATIVE Mediomatrices
CULTURE Urnfield-Hallstatt / La Tène II / Belgae
COUNTRY Germany / France / Luxembourg / Belgium
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Ardennes / Meuse / Moselle / Marne / Saar
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Metz (Divodorum "citadel of the
gods")
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th c / BC 52
DEITIES Icovellauna / Sucellos / Inciona /
Veraudinus
MAP
REF 146 - C
REMARKS The Mediomatrici tribe was composed of
warriors
of the early Hallstatt culture who left
their German
homeland around BC 9th century and crossed
the Rhine to
settle in the Ardennes Mountains. Their territory covered
an area that straddled the Meuse, Moselle
and Saar rivers.
Their name means "the people between
the Matrona (Marne)
and the Matra". They had a center at Divodorum (Metz).
In BC 52, the Mediomatrici supplied
5,000 horse
warriors to attack the rear of Caesar's army
that was
besieging Alesia. The tribe minted their own coins.
EPITHET The Mead Drinkers
CULTURE Late Hallstatt / Gallic / Celto-Ligurian
COUNTRY Germany / Czech / France
REGION Bavaria / Bohemia
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
LANDMARKS Bay of Biscay / Garonne / Lake Medoc / Arc
/
Maurienne / Piedmont Alps
AGE Iron
DATES BC 5th c / BC 4th c / BC 218
LEADERS Cottius
SEE
ALSO Allobroges / Caturiges /
Cenomani / Centrones /
Volcae Arcomici / Volcae Tectosages
MAP
REF 147 - A/C
REMARKS In BC 5th century the Medulli tribe left
their
homeland in Bavaria-Bohemia and travelled
into France with
their allies the Caturiges, Cenomani,
Centrones, Volcae
Arcomici and the Volcae Tectosages. By BC 4th century, a
group of the Medulli were settled in the
area of Aquitanica
along the Bay of Biscay, south of the
Garonne to Lake
Medoc.
Another branch of the tribe settled on
the Arc river
in the Maurienne valley of the Piedmont
Alps. Hannibal met
with resistance when he passed through this
territory in BC
218.
This group of the Medulli were up-river from the
Allobroges and were surrounded by Ligurians
and soon came
under the protection of Cottius, a Ligurian
chieftain.
CULTURE La Tène A / La Tène II / Belgae
AFFILIATION client of the Suessiones
COUNTRY Germany / France
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Marne / Seine
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 54
SEE
ALSO Caleti / Catuvellauni / Remi /
Suessiones /
Veliocasses
MAP REF 148 - C
REMARKS In BC 6th century, the
Brythonic-speaking Meldi
moved across the Rhine with the Caleti,
Catuvellauni, Remi,
Suessiones and Veliocasses tribes, bringing
the La Tène
culture into Gaul. The Meldi settled an area bounded by
the Marne and Seine rivers and they
intermingled with the
Hallstatt people who had occupied the area.
In later years the tribe minted
coins. During the
Roman invasion of Gaul in BC 54, Caesar
ordered the Meldi
to build him 60 ships to help carry his
troops across the
Channel to England.
CULTURE Goidel / La Tène A / La Tène II / Belgae
COUNTRY Netherlands / Ireland
REGION Wexford
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica / Leinster
LANDMARKS Rhine / Waal / Channel
CENTERS Menapia
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 4th c / BC 57 / BC 56 /
BC 55 /
BC 53
LEADERS Labraid Loingsech / Galba (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Aduatuci / Armorici / Brigantes
/ Cauci /
Luaighni / Morini / Nervii /
Suessiones /
Tencteri / Usipetes / Veneti
MAP
REF 149 - C
REMARKS In BC 6th century the Menapii left the
Goidel
homeland on the right bank of the Rhine and
established
themselves near the mouths of the Rhine and
Waal, where
they were surrounded by swamps, marshlands
and forests.
In BC 4th century, battle-line
(Luaighni) warriors of
the Menapii and Cauci tribes followed
Labraid Loingsech to
Ireland to regain his territory. Later, more of the
Menapii tribe settled in Ireland beside the
Brigantes tribe
in Wexford with a center at Menapia.
In BC 57 during the Roman invasion of Belgica,
the
continental Menapii contributed 10,000
warriors to fight
under Galba, the head chieftain of the
Suessiones. They
supported the Veneti when Caesar invaded
their territory in
BC 56 and were one of the last tribes to be
defeated. In
BC 55, the Tencteri and Usipetes tribes from
the north of
the Rhine were their unwanted guests but
left in the
spring, returning back across the Rhine.
When the Romans invaded Menapii
territory in BC 55,
the tribe fled to the woods. The Romans, finding no
opposition, set fire to their building and
crops. In BC 53
the Menapii, Aduatuci and the Nervii invited
Germani tribes
to join them to fight the Romans. When the battle went
badly for the Celts and their allies, Caesar
demanded that
hostages be handed over to him. When they refused, Caesar
sent his troops. The Menapii fled to the woods again, and
again the Romans burnt their homes and
crops, and also
stole their cattle. The Menapii succeeded in engaging five
legions before Caesar could pound them into
submission.
Finally they had no choice but to ask Caesar
for peace.
Throughout the Roman invasion of Gaul,
the Menapii,
Armorici and Morini always supported each
other. Iman
Wilkens suggests that during the Bronze Age
Brittany and
northern Netherlands were two of the four
areas that were
referred to as Thrace. The Menapii tribe may have had a
high concentration of Thracians.
CULTURE Goidel / La Tène II / Belgae
AFFILIATION client of the Atrebates / Morna (clan)
COUNTRY Belgium / France / Ireland
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Channel / Leie
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c / BC 57 / BC 56 / BC 55 / BC
52 / BC 30
LEADERS Galba (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Ambiani / Atrebates / Armorici
/ Menapii / Morna
/ Suessiones / Veneti
MAP
REF 150 - C
REMARKS The Morini had early ties with the area
around
the Strait of Dover. The Morini, Atrebates and the Ambiani
were pushed across the Rhine in BC 3rd
century and formed a
confederation of tribes. They established themselves in
western Gaul between the Channel and the
Leie river. The
Clanna Morna of Ireland was probably a clan
of theirs.
During the Roman invasion of Belgica in
BC 57, the
Morini tribe contributed 25,000 warriors to
fight under the
Suessiones head chieftain Galba. In BC 56 the tribe
supplied warriors to help the Veneti. After suffering
defeats at the hands of the Romans they
rebelled in BC 55
but were subdued again. However, they managed to supply
5,000 warriors to fight the Romans during
the siege of
Alesia in BC 52.
The Morini and the Menapii were the
last two tribes of
Gaul to be conquered by the Romans, and in
BC 30 the Morini
revolted again. Throughout the Roman invasion of Gaul the
Morini, Menapii and Armorici tribes always
supported each
other.
ALTERNATIVE Clanna Morna / Molum
CULTURE Goidel / Belgae
AFFILIATION clan of the Morini
COUNTRY Ireland
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica / Connacht
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c / AD 3rd c
LEADERS Goll
SEE
ALSO Menapii / Morini
MAP
REF 151 - (C) unknown location /
(E) unmarked
location
REMARKS The clanna Morna were most likely an
offshoot of
the Morini tribe who came to Ireland in BC
4th century as
battle-line warriors, or followed the
Menapii later.
In AD 3rd century, a member of the clan
named Goll
became an important chieftain of the Fianna
of Connacht.
ALTERNATIVE Namnetii
CULTURE Aremorican
COUNTRY France
REGION Brittany
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
LANDMARKS Loire / Bay of Biscay
CENTERS Nantes
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
SEE
ALSO Veneti
MAP
REF 152 - C
REMARKS The Namnetes tribe was settled on the
right bank
of the Loire to the Bay of Biscay, with a
center at Nantes.
They were allies of the Veneti and fought
the invading
Romans in BC 56.
EPITHET People of the Valley
CULTURE Urnfield-Hallstatt / Gallic
COUNTRY Switzerland
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhône / Alps / Lake Leman
CENTERS St-Maurice
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th-6th c
SEE
ALSO Veragri / Seduni
MAP
REF 153 - C
REMARKS The Nantuates were a Bronze Age culture
who
settled in their area sometime between BC
9th and 6th
centuries.
Their territory was in the Swiss Alps southeast
of Lake Leman on the left bank of the Rhône,
with a center
at present-day St-Maurice. They were down-river from the
Veragri and Seduni tribes.
CULTURE Yamnaya
COUNTRY Turkey / Ireland
REGION Cork
TERRITORY Phrygia / Munster / Connacht / Ulster /
Leinster
LANDMARKS Black Sea / Bosporus / Kizilirmak /
Plateau of
Phrygia / Cork Harbour / Magh
Cera (Carra) /
Magh nEba / Magh Luirg / Magh
Seireo / Magh
Tochair / Magh Seimne / Magh
Macha / Magh
Muirthemne / Magh Bernsa / Magh
Moda (Magh
Lugad) / Loch Cal / Loch
Munremair / Loch
nDairbrech / Loch nAnnind
SITES Great Island / Tory Island / Conann's Tower
(Tuir Chonaind)
AGE Bronze
DATES BC 19th-18th c
LEADERS Nemhedh / Fergus
SEE
ALSO Fomorii / Fir Domnann /
Partholean
MAP
REF 154 - A/(E) unmarked locations
REMARKS The Nemedians were Bronze Age farmer-herders,
descendents of Magog, son of Iafeth of the
early Aryans.
Their homeland on the Plateau of Phrygia was
bordered by
the Black Sea, the Bosporus and the
Kizilirmak (Halys)
river.
This territory was an early settlement of Yamnaya
warriors and is referred to by its ancient
Aryan name
Phrygia.
The Greeks later referred to it as Greek Scythia
or Mygdonia (Mhéigindt) and it was also
called by its
Thracian name Bithynia.
The chieftain Nemhedh, a relative of
Partholon, and
his 4 sons led 44 or 34 boatloads with 30
followers in each
boat to Ireland 30 years after Partholon's
people died from
the plague.
On their voyage they came across a golden
tower rising out of the ocean. When they tried to capture
it the tide came in and many of Nemhedh's
warriors were
drowned.
It took the survivors a year and a half before
the remaining boatload reached Ireland. They landed on
Great Island in Cork Harbour on an eve of
Beltainn.
Nemhedh led his warriors to victory in
the battle of
Ros Fraechain (Badbgna) on or near Slieve
Baune in the
south of Co. Roscommon in old Connacht. After that battle,
the Nemedians built the two fortresses of
Raith Cindeich in
Ui Niallain and Raith Cimbaith in Seimne.
During the time of the Nemedians, 4 new
lakes burst
forth.
In the 9th year appeared Loch Cal in Ui Niallain,
which is Lochgall of the barony of Oneilland
in Co. Armagh,
and Loch Munremair in Ui Luigne of Sliabh
Guaire, which is
Loch Ramor in Co. Cavan. After the 12th year, Loch
nDairbrech, which is Loch Derryvaragh in Co.
Westmeath, and
Loch nAnnind, which is Loch Ennell also in
Co. Westmeath,
burst forth.
The settlers cleared the timber from
the land and
create 12 new plains: Magh Cera (Carra) in
Co. Mayo; Magh
nEba, a maritime plain west of Ben Bulben;
Cuile Tolaidin
which is the barony of Kilmaine in south Co.
Mayo; Magh
Luirg south of the Curlew mountains in Co.
Sligo; Magh
Seireo in Tethba which is the plain that
circles the town
of Kells; Magh Tochair in Tir Eogain, now a
part of
counties Meath, Westmeath and Langford
Offaly; Magh Seimne
in Araide on Magee Island; Magh Macha in
Airgialla at Moy
near Armagh; Magh Muirthemne in Brega which
is a maritime
plain in Co. Louth; Magh Bernsa in Laighne
on the border of
Carlow and Kildare; Leccmag in Muma; and
Magh Moda (Magh
Lugad) in Ui Tuirtre west of Lough Neagh.
The Nemhedh won 2 more battles against
the Fomorii at
Murbolg in Dal Riada, present-day Whitepark
Bay in the
north of Co. Antrim, and Cnamros (Camross)
near Taghmon in
Co. Wexford between Wexford Harbour and
Bannow Bay in old
Leinster.
Soon after, Nemedh and 2000 of his people died
of plague.
The survivors were forced to become a client
tribe of the Fomorii. They had to pay an annual tribute of
2/3 of their harvest, milk, calves and
newborn children, to
be delivered to Magh Ceitne on Tory Island
every Samhain.
The 3 champions of the Nemedians, Semul
son of
Iarbonel son of Nemhedh, Erglan son of Beoan
son of Starn
son of Nemhedh and Fergus son of Nemhedh,
were not happy
with this situation. Fergus was elected head chieftain and
he proposed to attack Conann's Tower (Tuir
Chonaind), the
Fomorian stronghold on Tory Island. They led an army of
30,000 warriors on the land and another of
30,000 by sea.
The Nemedians defeated the Fomorii, killing
their
chieftain.
The victory was short-lived when a Fomorii
fleet of 3x20 ships arrived under the
leadership of Morc
mac Deiled and a mutually devastating battle
took place.
By the end of the battle only one ship with
30 Nemedian
warriors returned to Ireland.
The names of the 30 (32) warriors who
survived the
battles of Magh Ceitne with their leader
Fergus Lethderg
were: Erglan (Arglan), Mathach, Iardacht
(Artach), Beothach
(Bethach), Semeon, Britan Mael, Baath
(Baad), Ibath (Ibad),
Beocan (Bechad), Brondul (Bronal), Fal
(Pal), Gorthigern
(Gortigern), Grenan, Glassan, Ceram (Ceran),
Cobran
(Gabran), Fortecht (Fortach), Gosten
(Goscen), Guilliuch
(Guilliue), Caman, Glas, Forand (Feran),
Gam, Eadam (Dam),
Ding, Dael, Griman, Taman, Tuirriue, Feb
(Eriuc, Conothan).
The Nemedians then divided Ireland
three provinces but
it was not long before they eventually
deserted the island.
Fergus and his son Britan Mael voyaged to
Moin Conain in
England and most likely became the Fir
Domnann of Devon.
The 3 sons of Beoan went to the north of
Albainn and became
the Fir Domnann of Scotland. Ibath and his son Baath
voyaged north and their descendants became
known as The
Danann.
Semeon went to Thrace either in France or the
Balkan Peninsula where their descendants
became known as
the FirBolg.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
COUNTRY Portugal / Spain
LANDMARKS Douro
CENTERS Nemetobriga
AGE Iron
DATES BC 7th c
MAP
REF 155 - D
REMARKS In BC 7th century, the tribe of the
Nemetati
were settled on the right bank of the Douro
and developed a
center at Nemetobriga.
CULTURE Germano-Celtic / Belgae
AFFILIATION clan of the Suebi confederation
COUNTRY Germany / France
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Ardennes / Saar / Rhine
CENTERS Spires
AGE Iron
DATES BC 70 / BC 58
DEITIES Nemetona
LEADERS Ariovistos (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Suebi / Triboci / Vangiones
MAP
REF 156 - C
REMARKS The Nemetes were a Germano-Celtic tribe
with a
Celtic name. They were a clan of the Suebi confederation
and along with the Triboci and Vangiones
they moved across
the Rhine around BC 70. They settled on the left bank in
the vicinity of the present-day town of
Spires (Speyer).
In BC 58, the Nemetes helped Ariovistos
in his battle
against Caesar. They had a combined force of 6,000 horse
warriors and 6,000 foot-warriors. The two types of warrior
fought together as a team and the
foot-warrior kept up with
the horse-warrior by holding on to the
horse's mane or tail
while running alongside.
NAME Nervii
CULTURE La Tène II / Belgae
AFFILIATION Centrones, Geidumni, Grudii, Levaci and
Pleumoxii (clients)
COUNTRY Germany / Netherlands / Belgium
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Rhine / Scheldt
SITES Sambre / Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 2nd c / BC 57 / BC 54 / BC 53 / BC
52
LEADERS Galba (war leader) / Boduognatus /
Ambiorix
(war leader)
SEE
ALSO Aduatuci / Atrebates /
Centrones / Eburones /
Geidumni / Grudii / Levaci / Menapii / Pleumoxii
/ Suessiones / Viromandui
MAP
REF 157 - C
REMARKS The Nervii were La Tène II Celtic people who
crossed the Rhine in BC 2nd century and
settled on the
right bank of the Scheldt river. The Centrones, Geidumni,
Grudii, Levaci and Pleumoxii all became
client tribes.
The Nervii were considered to be the
toughest warriors
in Gaul and were respected for their bravery
by all other
tribes.
Like tribes of the Germani, they did not allow
luxuries or wine into their territory
because they believed
it made warriors lazy and depleted their
courage. They
fought only as battle-line soldiers,
possessing no horse
warriors.
When Caesar invaded Belgica in BC 57,
the Nervii
contributed 50,000 warriors to fight under
the war leader
Galba, head chieftain of the
Suessiones. When Caesar
marched into their territory, the Aduatuci,
Atrebates and
Viromandui joined the Nervii and fought
under their
chieftain Boduognatus. They gathered at the river Sambre
and made their camp across from Caesar's
superior force of
horse warriors, slingers and legions of
Roman soldiers.
Out of 60,000 Nervii warriors only 500
survived, nearly
annihilating the tribe.
In the winter of BC 54, the Aduatuci,
Eburones, Nervii
and all their client tribes rallied under
the Eburones
chieftain Ambiorix. In BC 53 the Nervii again joined their
allies the Aduatuci and the Menapii to fight
Caesar and his
Romans, who were raiding their territories,
burning their
crops and stealing their cows. During the siege of Alesia
in BC 52, the Nervii supplied 5,000 warriors
to attack the
rear of Caesar's force.
CULTURE Goidel / Gallic
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Dordogne / Lot / Garonne
CENTERS Agen (Aginnum)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th / BC 109 / BC 52
LEADERS Vercingetorix (war leader) / Teutomatos
SEE
ALSO Ruteni / Cimbri
MAP
REF 158 - A/C
REMARKS The Nitiobriges were a tribe of the
Bronze Age
who settled between the Dordogne, Lot and
Garonne rivers
around BC 9th century. They arrived around the same time
as the Ruteni and both tribes buried their
dead in tumuli.
The Cimbri passed through their territory in
BC 109 on
their way to Spain.
In BC 52, the Nitiobriges supplied
horse warriors to
the war leader Vercingetorix to fight the
Romans. The
Nitiobriges chieftain Teutomatos also
supplied 5,000
warriors to help attack the rear of Caesar's
army.
ALTERNATIVE Novantae
CULTURE Briton
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Dumfries and Galloway
LANDMARKS Firth of Clyde / Solway Firth / North
Channel
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 2nd c
SEE
ALSO Trinovantes
MAP
REF 159 - B
REMARKS In the time of Ptolemy, the
Brythonic-speaking
Novantae tribe was settled in present-day
Dumfries and
Galloway in Scotland. The name suggests a connection to
the early Briton Trinovantes.
EPITHET The Hammer Fighters
CULTURE Battle Axe
COUNTRY Wales
REGION Gwynedd / Powys
TERRITORY Gwynedd / Ceredigion
LANDMARKS Irish Sea / Severn / Wye / Aeron /
Anglesey
CENTERS Aberffraw / Port Dinorwic
AGE Chalcolithic / Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 3rd millennium / AD 47 / AD 449 /
AD 5th-7th
DEITIES Sabrina
LEADERS Caratacus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Catuvellauni / Cornovii /
Deceangli / Demetae /
Silures / Saxons
MAP
REF 160 - B
REMARKS The Ordovices were an ancient tribe of
highland
warriors who fought with stone hammers. It is quite
possible that they were Battle Axe people
who came to
Britain from the continent in the
Chalcolithic period
around the end of the 3rd millennium. Their territory in
Wales included parts of the present-day
districts of
Gwynedd, Powys and Ceredigion, with
Aberffraw and Port
Dinorwic as centers. They controlled the headwaters of the
Severn and Wye rivers.
In AD 47, the Ordovices, along with the
Cornovii,
Deceangli, Demetae and Silures tribes,
helped Caratacus and
his Catuvellauni warriors fight the invading
Romans.
From AD 5th-7th century they fought as
one of the
Cymry tribes and against the different
invaders of their
territory.
In AD 449, Vortigern fled to their territory to
escape the treachery of the Saxons.
CULTURE Tartessian / Hallstatt / La Tène II /
Belgae
COUNTRY Spain
LANDMARKS Guadalquivir / Guadiana
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 3rd c
MAP
REF 161 - D
REMARKS The Oretani tribe was formed when local
Tartessians mixed with invading Hallstatt
warriors in BC
5th century. The tribes settled in the mountains between
the upper Betis (Guadalquivir) and the Anas
(Guadiana).
In BC 3rd century, warriors of the invading
Belgae
tribes mixed into the population, bringing
with them the La
Tène II culture.
ALTERNATIVE Onsi
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
AFFILIATION client of the Quadi and Sarmatian
COUNTRY Czech / Austria / Poland / Hungary /
Croatia
REGION Silesia
TERRITORY Pannonia / Galicia
LANDMARKS Oder / Vistula / Carpathians / Danube
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 2nd c / BC 100
SEE
ALSO Antariatae / Arauisci / Cotini
MAP
REF 162 - A
REMARKS The Osi and Cotini were two tribes who
migrated
north and east from their Celtic homeland in
Germany-Czech
around BC 6th century. They were iron miners who settled
in the Silesia area of Poland and Czech, an
area that
became known as Galicia. Their territory in the foothills
of the Carpathian Mountains contained the
headwaters of the
Oder, Vistula (Wisla) and a tributary of the
Danube.
Around BC 100 the Osi were cut off from
the Celtic
world and had to pay tribute to the Germani
tribe, the
Quadi, and a tribe of the Sarmatians. They did manage to
keep their own language.
During BC 2nd century, another group of
the Osi tribe
settled in Pannonia where they became
lowland farmers. The
region was in the northern part of the
territory of the
Antariatae, on the left bank of the Danube
across from the
Arauisci tribe.
ALTERNATIVE Oestrimnios / Oestrymnians / Osismi /
Ostiaei
CULTURE Goidel / Aremorican
COUNTRY Portugal / France
REGION Brittany
TERRITORY Ophiussa / Gaul / Aremorica
LANDMARKS Aulne / Bay of Biscay / Channel /
Finistère /
Tagus / Douro
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 12-9th c / BC 6th c / BC 57 / BC 56
/ BC 52
LEADERS Vercingetorix (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Saefes / Veneti
MAP
REF 163 - A/C/D
REMARKS The Osismii were warriors of the Goidel
culture
who helped defeat tribes of the Ligurian
culture in
Aremorica during the Bronze Age. They settled in the area
of Finistère around the Alaunos (Aulne)
river bounded by
the Bay of Biscay and the Channel. The Osismii tribe
traded with Ireland and Britain, and minted
their own coins
which have been found at sites on the
Channel Islands.
Another portion of the tribe settled on
the west coast
of Portugal between the Tagus and the Douro
rivers where
they traded with the Tartessians. Their territory was
called Ophiussa and in BC 6th century they
were invaded by
the Saefes tribe and were most likely
assimilated into
their culture.
In BC 57 the Aremorican tribes were
invaded by the
Romans, and in BC 56 the Osismii contributed
warriors to
help the Veneti fight the invaders. In BC 52, they
supplied warriors to help Vercingetorix
defend Alesia by
attacking the rear of Caesar's siege force.
CULTURE Belgae
COUNTRY Belgium / Luxembourg
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Lesse
AGE Iron
DATES BC 57
LEADERS Galba (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Suessiones
MAP
REF 164 - C
REMARKS The Paemani tribe was settled in the
valley of
the Lesse river, a tributary of the
Meuse. In BC 57 when
Caesar invaded Belgica, the Paemani
contributed warriors to
fight under Galba, the head chieftain of the
Suessiones.
ALTERNATIVE Parici / Parisi / Parsii
CULTURE Goidel / Gallic
AFFILIATION client of the Senones and the Suessiones
COUNTRY England / France
REGION Humberside / Paris
TERRITORY Gaul / Lloegr
LANDMARKS Humber / Seine / Marne
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Kingston-upon-Hull / Paris
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 13th c / BC 6th c / BC 53 / BC 52
DEITIES Goddess-without-Name / Dis
LEADERS Paris / Vercingetorix (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Arverni / Senones / Suessiones
MAP
REF 165 - B/C
REMARKS The Parisii were Gaelic-speaking Q-Celts
of the
Goidel culture who were settled on the
Humber river area in
England by BC 13th century. The tribe was named after
their leader Paris (Parigii) who was killed
in the Trojan
War.
After the war was over, warriors of the tribe
migrated to France where they settled at the
confluence of
the Seine and Marne rivers. They founded Paris as their
main center in Gaul.
Both Paris and Kingston-upon-Hull
became major centers
of the tribe. They came with bronze swords and the custom
of burying their dead in tumuli graves. The graves of both
England and France contain chariot burials.
Paris was thought to be a center of sun
worship, and
dolmens have been found with Egyptian-type
sun ships
engraved on them. The name Paris probably evolved from
Barisis (Barque d'Isis or "boat of
Isis").
Sometime after BC 6th century, the
Parisii tribe in
Gaul became a client tribe of the Senones
and at other
times a client of the Suessiones. They were one of the
first tribes to join with the Arverni under
their young
leader Vercingetorix in BC 53. In BC 52 they burned their
oppidum at Paris on the Seine river in order
to escape the
fate of the Senones oppidum, and supplied
8,000 warriors to
attack the rear of Caesar's army at Alesia.
CULTURE Yamnaya
COUNTRY Turkey / Ireland
TERRITORY Phrygia / Munster
LANDMARKS Black Sea / Bosporus / Kizilirmak /
Plateau of
Phrygia / Magh nItha / Magh
Tuireadh / Magh Li /
Magh Ladrand / Loch Laiglinne /
Loch Cuan / Loch
Rudraige / Loch Dechet / Loch
Mesc / Loch Con /
Loch Echtra
SITES Slemna of Magh Ibha / Magh Sen nElta /
Taimhleacht Muintir
AGE Bronze
DATES BC 19th c
LEADERS Partholon
SEE
ALSO Fomorii / Nemedian
MAP
REF 166 - A/(E) unmarked locations
REMARKS The homeland of the Partholean tribe was
the
Plateau of Phrygia which was bordered by the
Black Sea, the
Bosporus and the Kizilirmak (Halys)
river. Their territory
was an early settlement of Yamnaya warriors
and is referred
to by its ancient Aryan name Phrygia. The Greeks later
referred to it as Greek Scythia or Mygdonia
(Mhéigindt/
Meigint) and it was also called by its
Thracian name
Bithynia.
The chieftain Partholon, a descendant
of Magog son of
Iafeth, led 1000 warriors, artisans and
farmers on a 10-
week voyage from their homeland to Munster
in Ireland where
they landed on the eve of Beltainn.
The Partholeans' voyage from Phrygia to
Aladacia
(Aladaciam/Aladaigia/Calad Daciam/Caladaicia/Chaladagia/
Haladaciam/) was a month in duration.
From Aladacia to
Gothia (Goithia/Goithiam) took 9 days and
from Gothia to
Spain (Easbain/Easpain/Heaspain/Hesbain/nEspain)
was a
voyage of another month. From Spain to Ireland (Erinn)
took 9 days and they landed on the 14th
(16th/17th) day of
the moon in the modern month of May at the
Da Econd (Two
Fools) river.
Another version of the story said they
made landfall
286 years after the Deluge at Inber Scene
(mouth of the
Shannon) in Munster on the eve of Beltainn.
The Partholeans brought agriculture to
Ireland when
they introduced the plow and oxen. Before they arrived
there was only Magh Sen nElta (Old Plain of
flocks) so they
cleared the forest and created the four
plains of Magh
nItha in Leinster, Magh Tuireadh in
Connacht, Magh Li (Lii)
in Ui mac Uais between the Bir and Camus and
Magh Ladrand
(Latharna) in Dal nAraide.
The Partholeans were also responsible for the 7 lakes:
Loch Laiglinne in Ui mac Uais of Breg, Loch
Cuan and
Rudraige in Ulster, Loch Dechet, Loch Mesc
and Loch Con in
Connacht, and Loch Echtra un Airgialla.
During their 10th year, the Partholeans
fought the
Fomorii at Slemna on Magh Ibha. The first week of the
battle was fought with magic and the
Fomorians were
described as having 1 leg, 1 arm and 1
eye. No one was
killed in that week but when the Fomorii
lost the war of
magic, a battle of weapons followed.
When Partholon died in his 29th year
after the taking
of Ireland, his sons divided the island into
4 coiceda or
provinces.
Some scribes reckon that all of the tribe died
of the plague at this time while others thought
that the
plague came 550 years after Partholon's
death and
annihilated everyone except Tuan who escaped
by shape-
changing.
It is most likely that this was calculated in
moon years and that they were there only 42
sun years,
which correlates with the number of
generations recorded.
On a Beltainn, 5000 men and 4000 women
died within one
week.
There is a grave site at Tallaght near Dublin called
Taimhleacht Muintir Partholain that contains
the skeletons
of 900 Partholeans who died of the plague on
Beltainn.
Another version of the Partholon story
claims that the
seed of Partholon lived in Ireland for 550
years then they
were killed off by the Cynocephali.
EPITHET Of the Four Tribes
ALTERNATIVE Petrucorii
CULTURE Goidel / Gallic
COUNTRY France
REGION Perigord
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Isle
SITES Vesone / Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Perigueux (Lacite)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 52
LEADERS Vercassivellaunus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Arverni
MAP
REF 167 - A/C
REMARKS By BC 6th century, the Petrocorii were
settled
along the Isle river in France with
present-day Perigueux
(Lacite) as a center. They had in their territory a sacred
spring called Vesone. In BC 52 the Petrocorii fought under
the Arverni commander Vercassivellaunus
during the battle
of Alesia.
ALTERNATIVE Pictoni / Pictavi
CULTURE Pictish / Gallic
COUNTRY France
REGION Poitou
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Loire / Bay of Biscay / Vienne
SITES La Caillère (Calydon)
CENTERS Poitiers (Lemonum)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 15th-13th c / BC 56 / BC 52 / BC
51-50
LEADERS Vercingetorix (war leader) / Duratios
SEE
ALSO Arverni
MAP
REF 168 - C
REMARKS The Pictones were Pictish Celts who had
established themselves between the Loire and
the Bay of
Biscay with a fortress at Lemonum (Poitiers)
sometime
around BC 15th-13th century.
Wilkens places the ancient city of
Calydon in the
region of Aetolia at La Caillère, west of
Poitiers. This
suggests that the Pictones (Aetolians) were
the suppliers
of ships for the Achaean force during the
Trojan War. The
legendary Hunt of the Caledonian Boar may
also have taken
place in this vicinity.
The Pictones had an uncertain relation
with the
Romans.
In BC 56 Caesar ordered the Pictones to supply
ships to the Romans. In BC 52 during Vercingetorix's
attempt to repel the invading Romans, the
Pictones were one
of the first tribes to join with the Arverni
tribe. They
also supplied 8,000 warriors to attack the
rear of Caesar's
siege force at Alesia. In BC 51-50, under a chieftain
named Duratios, the Pictones sided with the
Romans.
CULTURE Belgae
AFFILIATION client of the Nervii
COUNTRY Netherlands / Belgium
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 54
LEADERS Ambiorix (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Nervii
MAP
REF 169 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Pleumoxii were a client tribe of the
Nervii
and in BC 54 they fought under Ambiorix
against the Romans.
CULTURE Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
SEE
ALSO Sontiati
MAP
REF 170 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS After the defeat of the Sontiati in BC
56, the
Ptianii contributed warriors to fight the
invading Romans.
CULTURE Late Hallstatt / Gallic
COUNTRY Germany / Switzerland / France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Ruhr / Rhine / Doubs / Vosges / Hercynian
Forest
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS near Basle
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c / BC 58 / BC 52
SEE
ALSO Helvetii / Santoni
MAP
REF 171 - A/C
REMARKS The original homeland of the Raurici
tribe was
on the Ruhr river in Germany, a tributary of
the Rhine. By
BC 3rd century, they had moved up the Rhine
and settled by
the Doubs river in the southern Vosges
Mountains, with a
center near present-day Basle in
Switzerland.
The territory of the Raurici was
bordered by the
Hercynian Forest, and because of
overcrowding and constant
harassment by the tribes of Germani on the
other side of
the Rhine, the Raurici decided to migrate
with their
neighbors the Helvetii to a promised land in
the territory
of the Santoni in BC 58. There were 23,000 people of the
Raurici tribe in the great migration that
was set upon by
the Romans under Caesar. The few that survived the
slaughter were sent home to their territory,
where they had
burnt their homes in anticipation of never
returning.
In BC 52 during the siege of Alesia,
the Raurici
supplied 12,000 warriors to attack the rear
of Caesar's
forces.
ALTERNATIVE Redonnes
CULTURE Aremorican
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
LANDMARKS Vilaine / Ille / Channel Islands
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Rennes
AGE Iron
DATES BC 57 / BC 56 / BC 52
DEITIES Mullo
LEADERS Vercingetoris (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Veneti
MAP
REF 172 - C
REMARKS The Redones had their center at the site
of
present-day Rennes on the confluence of the Vilaine and
Ille rivers. They minted coins which have been found at
sites on the Channel Islands.
The Redones were invaded by the Romans
in BC 57, and
fought them again in BC 56 when the Romans
invaded the
Veneti territory. They contributed warriors to attack the
rear of Caesar's siege army at Alesia in BC
52.
CULTURE Pictish / La Tene A / Briton
COUNTRY England
REGION Sussex
TERRITORY Lloegr
LANDMARKS Channel
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / AD 1st c
SEE
ALSO Atrebates / Cantii / Iceni /
Regni / Trinovantes
MAP
REF 173 - B
REMARKS The Regni tribe was made up of Pictish
warriors
who invaded England (Lloegr) in BC 6th
century. Being
agriculturalists, they settled along the
south coast in
Sussex.
In BC 3rd-2nd century, the Regni lost
territory to the
incoming Belgae tribes. After the Romans conquered England
in AD 1st century, the Atrebates, Cantii,
Iceni, Regni and
Trinovantes were grouped together in a
province.
EPITHET The First
ALTERNATIVE Rhemi
CULTURE La Tène A / La Tène II / Belgae
AFFILIATION Catuvellauni (clan) / Carnuti and Suessiones
(clients)
COUNTRY Germany / Belgium / France
REGION Haute-Marne
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Aisne / Marne / Oise
CENTERS Bibrax / Reims
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 57 / BC 51-50
DEITIES Camulos / Tricephalus
LEADERS Vertiscos
SEE
ALSO Bellovaci / Caleti / Carnuti /
Catuvellauni /
Lingones / Meldi / Suessiones / Veliocasses
MAP
REF 174 - C
REMARKS In the BC 6th century, the
Brythonic-speaking
Remi tribe travelled across the Rhine along
with the
Caleti, Catuvellauni, Meldi, Suessiones and
Veliocasses,
bringing the La Tène A culture into
Gaul. The Remi
intermingled with the Hallstatt people who
had occupied the
area.
Their territory was centered on the Aisne, between
the Marne and the Oise rivers, with oppida
at Bibrax and
Durocortorum (modern-day Reims).
In BC 57, the Remi became Roman lackeys
when they
supplied information on the strength of the
other Belgae
tribes.
The other Belgae tribes, under the leadership of
Galba of the Suessiones, attacked the Remi
because of their
traitorous acts. When Caesar sent Roman archers and
slingers to help the Remi, the Belgae tribes
laid waste to
the countryside around the fortress.
The Remi and the Lingones were the only
two Belgae
tribes which did not send help to
Vercingetorix. Caesar
kept two legions in the territory of the
Remi to protect
them from the Bellovaci. In the winter of BC 51-50, the
Remi reported to Caesar that the Bellovaci
were going to
attack the Suessiones who were a client
tribe of theirs.
In the battle that ensued, the Remi and the
Suessiones
supplied horse warriors to help the
Romans. The Remi lost
their chieftain Vertiscos and a large number
of horse
warriors to a Bellovaci ambush.
CULTURE Late Hallstatt
AFFILIATION clan of the Volcae
COUNTRY Austria / Czech / Slovakia
TERRITORY Noricum
LANDMARKS Danube / Theiss
AGE Iron
DATES BC 1st c
SEE
ALSO Carpi / Volcae
MAP
REF 175 - A
REMARKS The tribal territory of the Rhacatae was
on the
Danube in Austria. They were a clan of the Volcae who left
their Bohemian homeland and by BC 1st
century were settled
around the Danube and the Theiss (Tisza)
rivers by the
Carpi, another Volcae clan.
ALTERNATIVE Raeti
CULTURE Etruscan / Ligurian
AFFILIATION Camuni (client)
COUNTRY Italy / Switzerland / Austria / Germany
TERRITORY Rhaetia
LANDMARKS Po / Euganean Hills / Alps / Ticino /
Addua /
Inn / Brenta / Adige
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c / BC 15
LEADERS Raetus
SEE
ALSO Camuni / Euganean
MAP
REF 176 - C/A
REMARKS In BC 4th century, the invading Gauls
pushed the
Etruscans out of the Po Valley. An Etruscan chieftain
named Raetus led a group of the defeated
people into the
hills of the Euganean overlooking
Verona. The people
became knowns as the Rhaetians and as they
spread into the
Alps they mixed with the Euganeans who were
Ligurians.
The Rhaeti and the Euganeans were involved in the
mining and trading of iron ore which was
abundant in their
territory.
Their area also included the headwaters of
important rivers as well as many goddesses
of hot springs.
The Romans invaded their territory around BC
15 and
subjected the people, taking control of
their mines.
EPITHET Fair Haired
ALTERNATIVE Rutheni
CULTURE Goidel / Gallic
COUNTRY France
REGION Aveyron
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Garonne / Lot / Aveyron / Tarn / Cevennes
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Rodez (Segodunum)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th c / BC 52
SEE
ALSO Cadurci / Nitiobriges / Volcae
Arcomici
MAP
REF 177 - A/C
REMARKS The Ruteni were a tribe of Bronze Age
tumulus
builders who settled in Gaul in BC 9th
century along with
the Nitiobriges. They settled around the Garonne, Lot,
Aveyron and Tarn rivers near the Cevennes
Mountains with a
center at Segodunum (Rodez).
During the siege of Alesia in BC 52,
horse warriors of
the Ruteni and Cadurci tribes laid waste to
the crops of
the Volcae Arcomici to prevent them from
supplying the
Romans with food. They also supplied 12,000 warriors to
attack the rear of Caesar's army.
ALTERNATIVE Sefes
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / Portugal / Spain
REGION Bohemia / Bavaria
TERRITORY Ophiussa
LANDMARKS Bay of Biscay / Ebro / Douro / Atlantic /
Tagus
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 500
SEE
ALSO Cempsi / Osismii
MAP
REF 178 - A/D
REMARKS The Saefes tribe were part of the Early
Hallstatt expansion in BC 6th century who
migrated from
Czech-Germany through Gaul over the Pyrenees
and into Spain
and Portugal.
The Saefes travelled with the Cempsi
tribe and some of
their members settled along the Bay of
Biscay and the
headwaters of the Ebro, but by BC 500 the
majority of the
tribe was settled along the Douro from
Numantia (Numancia)
to the Atlantic amongst the other Hallstatt
tribes, and
south along the coast to the Tagus, where
they shared a
border with the Cempsi.
The Saefes preferred steep mountain
regions. Their
territory was called after the Serpent and
had been notated
by the Greeks as Ophiussa. It was mentioned in the
Phoenician text of BC 6th century, related
by Avieno, that
the Saefes expelled the earlier population
who were called
the Osismii.
ALTERNATIVE Saluvii / Salassi / Salyens
CULTURE Hallstatt / Ligurian / Celto-Ligurian /
Gallic
AFFILIATION client of Salyes / Libici and Laevi (clans)
COUNTRY France / Italy
REGION Aix-en-Provence
TERRITORY Gaul / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhône / Dora Baltea
SITES Entremont
CENTERS near Marseilles / Ivrea (Eporedia)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c
DEITIES Glanis / Olloudios / Griselicae
SEE
ALSO Laevi / Libici / Salyes
MAP
REF 179 - C
REMARKS The Salluvii tribe was a mixture of
Ligurian and
Early Hallstatt. They became a client tribe of the Salyes
and settled east of the Rhône with their
capital near
Massilia (Marseilles) and their religious
center at
Entremont.
In BC 4th century warriors of the
Salluvii and their
clans the Laevi and the Libici migrated to
northern Italy
where they settled along the Dora Baltea
river. There they
made their capital at Eporedia (Ivrea).
CULTURE Hallstatt / Ligurian / Celto-Ligurian /
Gallic
AFFILIATION Salluvii (client)
COUNTRY France
REGION Aix-en-Provence
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhône
SITES Marseilles (Massilia)
CENTERS Entremont
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c / BC 2nd c
DEITIES Glanis / Olloudios / Griselicae
LEADERS Bituitus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Allobroges / Arverni / Salluvii
MAP
REF 180 - C
REMARKS The Salyes tribe was developed from
Ligurian
natives and incoming Early Hallstatt. By BC 4th century,
they were settled east of the Rhône with
their capital at
Entremont.
In BC 2nd century they attacked
Massilia (Marseilles),
which gave the Romans an excuse to invade
southern Gaul.
The Salyes chieftains sought help from the
Allobroges who
asked Bituitus, the chieftain of the
Arverni, to raise an
army.
The army was defeated by Rome.
ALTERNATIVE Santones
CULTURE Pictish / Hallstatt
COUNTRY Germany / France
REGION Saintonge
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Main / Neckar / Bay of Biscay / Gironde /
Isle /
Charente / Vienne / Rhine
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th c / BC 1st c / BC 58 / BC 56 /
BC 52
SEE
ALSO Helvetii / Veneti
MAP
REF 181 - A/C
REMARKS The homeland of the Santoni tribe was
between
the Main and Neckar rivers in Germany. At the end of the
Bronze Age around BC 9th century, some of
the tribe
migrated into Gaul where they held a large
territory
bordered by the Bay of Biscay and the
Gironde, Isle and
Vienne rivers. By BC 1st century they had adopted the
practice of electing a vergobrat
(magistrate) to oversee
the making of laws.
In BC 58, the Santoni agreed to allow
the Helvetii and
their friends to settle in their territory,
but because of
Caesar's needless interference, thousands
were slaughtered
and the survivors were forced to return to
the devastated
homes they had left.
In BC 56, the Santoni were ordered to
supply ships to
the Romans for their campaign against the
Veneti but in BC
52 they were able to supply 12,000 warriors
to attack the
rear of Caesar's siege force at Alesia.
EPITHET Swordsmen
CULTURE Germani / Germano-Celtic
COUNTRY Germany / England
REGION Schleswig / Normandy / Brittany / Essex
/ East
Sussex / West Sussex
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica / Lloegr
LANDMARKS North Sea / Cimbrian Peninsula / Loire
CENTERS Bayeux
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 150 / AD 286 / AD 350 / AD 5th
century
SEE
ALSO Angles / Jutes / Regni
MAP
REF 182 - A/B/C
REMARKS In AD 150, the Saxons inhabited
Schleswig on the
Cimbrian Peninsula and three islands off the
coast. By AD
286 their chief occupation was pirating the
North Sea and
the Channel. From AD 350 the Saxons controlled territory
almost to the Rhine and by AD 5th century
they had
settlements in France at Bayeux, Normandy,
and at the mouth
of the Loire in Brittany.
In AD 5th century, a Celtic chieftain
named Vortigern
invited the Angles, Saxons and Jutes to
settle in southern
England.
The Saxons were fisher/agriculturalists who
preferred the costal regions so settled
along the North Sea
and the channel at Essex, East Sussex and
West Sussex.
Here they intermingled with the Regni tribe
who were also
farmers.
The Saxons were a strong military force
in the area
but as they became Christians they fell
under the influence
of the Latin-speaking Celtic nobility. The two groups of
people eventually merged to become a
Celto-Germani people
with English evolving as their language.
"The thoroughness of the Saxon
conquest and settlement
of Celtic Britain has been much exaggerated
by the Teutonic
school of English Historians. The vast majority of the
people of western England are descended from
a Celtic-
speaking ancestry." -
Hon. Ruaraidh Erskine of Marr -Vol.
3, pg 1888 of the N.U.E.
EPITHET Of the Shar-Dagh
CULTURE Gallic
COUNTRY Yugoslavia
TERRITORY Illyricum / Moesia / Macedonia
LANDMARKS Danube / Shar-Dagh
SITES Drena / Delphi
CENTERS Belgrade (Singidunum)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c / BC 110 / AD 8
LEADERS Bathanattos
SEE
ALSO Antariatae / Cimbri
MAP
REF 183 - A
REMARKS In BC 3rd century after the Gaulish
attack on
Delphi, a chieftain named Bathanattos led a
portion of
Brennus's army into the territory of the
Antariatae and
settled between the Danube river and Mons
Scordus (Shar-
Dagh or "Silver Mountain") on the
borders of Moesia and
Macedonia.
They called themselves the Scordisci after the
Scordus mountain and made their capital at
Singidunum
(Belgrade).
The Scordisci mined silver at Drena and
in BC 110 they
and some Thracian allies raided Delphi again
looking for
silver.
They made the Gundestrup cauldron for the Cimbri
who sacrificed it in Jutland.
The Scordisci were considered to be elite warriors who
used their skull trophies as drinking
cups. After 150
years of fighting the Romans they were
finally beaten, but
not conquered, in AD 8.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt / Gallic
COUNTRY Switzerland
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Alps / Rhône / Sionne
CENTERS Sion (Sedunum)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 9th-6th c / BC 56
SEE
ALSO Uberi / Veragri
MAP
REF 184 - C
REMARKS By BC 9th-6th century the Seduni tribe
was
settled near the confluence of the Sionne
and Rhône rivers
around Sedunum (Sion). They were situated between the
Veragri and Uberi tribes.
In BC 56, the Romans marched into a
Veragri village
and drove the people out of their
homes. The Seduni joined
forces with the Veragri and attacked the
village, which the
Romans had meanwhile fortified. The battle was fierce and
the Celts lost many warriors but they
succeeded in driving
the Romans out of their territory.
CULTURE Germani
AFFILIATION clan of the Suebi confederation
COUNTRY Germany
LANDMARKS Rhine
AGE Iron
DATES BC 58
LEADERS Ariovistos (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Suebi
MAP
REF 185 - (A) unknown location
REMARKS The Sedusii were of the Germani culture
and a
clan of the Suebi confederation. In BC 58 they crossed the
Rhine to help Ariovistos in his war against
the invading
Romans.
The Sedusii had a combined force of 6,000 horse
warriors and 6,000 foot-warriors. The two types of warrior
fought together as a team, with the
foot-warrior keeping up
by holding onto the tail or mane of the
horse while running
alongside.
CULTURE Belgae
AFFILIATION client of the Treviri
COUNTRY Netherlands / Belgium / Germany
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Ourthe / Ardennes
AGE Iron
DATES BC 53
SEE
ALSO Condrusi / Eburones / Treveri
MAP
REF 186 - C
REMARKS The Segni were settled in the upper
valley of
the Ourthe river in the Ardennes Mountains
where they
became a client tribe of the Treveri. The Segni and the
Condrusi sent envoys to Caesar to say that
they would not
wage war against him, and then they turned
in Eburones
warriors who had escaped into their
territory seeking
refuge.
CULTURE Ligurian / Early Hallstatt
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Piedmont Alps
AGE Iron
DATES BC 7th c
DEITIES Segomo
MAP
REF 187 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Segobrigii were an Alpine people and
a tribe
of the Ligurian culture who lived in the
Piedmont Alps of
France.
They were invaded by Hallstatt Celts around BC 7th
century.
Their titulary god was Segomo, whose name was
adopted by the early Celts.
COUNTRY England
TERRITORY Lloegr
AGE Iron
DATES BC 54
MAP
REF 188 - (B) unknown location
REMARKS The Segontiaci of southeastern England
agreed
not to fight against Caesar in BC 54 when he
visited the
island.
ALTERNATIVE Goidel / Segusavi
CULTURE Gallic
AFFILIATION client of the Ædui
COUNTRY France
REGION Loire
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Allier / Loire / Saône / Rhône
SITES Vichy / Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Feurs / Lyons (Lugdunum)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 52
DEITIES Lugh / Voricius
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Allobroges / Ambarri /
Ambivareti /
Aulerci
MAP
REF 189 - C
REMARKS The Segusiavi were settled around the
Allier,
Loire and Rhône rivers. They had a center at Feurs and
another at the confluence of the Saône and
the Rhône rivers
called Lugdunum (Lyons), once a center for
the Ambarri
tribe.
The tribe venerated Voricius at the springs of
Vichy.
In BC 52 the Segusiavi and the Ædui
provided 10,000
foot-warriors to attack the territory of the
Allobroges,
who were supplying grain to the Romans.
The Segusiavi also contributed warriors
to fight
Caesar at the siege of Alesia. The tribes were joined in
blood groups so the Segusiavi, Ambivareti
and Brannovices
fought in the reserve army under the Ædui.
EPITHET The Hunters
CULTURE Briton
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Strathclyde / Borders / Dumfries and
Galloway
LANDMARKS Clyde / Tweed / Tweedsmuir Mountains
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 2nd c
SEE
ALSO Votadini
MAP
REF 190 - B
REMARKS During the time of Ptolemy in AD 2nd
century,
the Selgovae tribe was situated in the hills
around the
headwaters of the Clyde and the Tweed
rivers, between the
Damnonii (Fir Domnann) and the Votadini
tribes.
EPITHET Clan of the Rivet
ALTERNATIVE Tuatha Semon
COUNTRY Ireland
TERRITORY Munster
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 5th c
MAP
REF 191 - (E) unknown location
REMARKS The Semon were an industrial clan of
rivet-
makers and in AD 5th century lived in the
old province of
Munster, an area rich in copper.
CULTURE La Tène A / Gallic
AFFILIATION client of the Ædui / Parisii (client)
COUNTRY Germany / France / Italy
REGION Rhine valley / Vienne / Mayenne /
Bordeaux /
Meuse
TERRITORY Gaul / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Seine (Sena) / Yonne / Loire / Garonne /
Apennines / Adriatic Sea /
Chienti / Esino
SITES San Genesto / Montefortino / Alise Ste
Reine
(Alesia) / Rome / Melzo / Telamon
CENTERS Metiosedum / Sens / Vellaunodunum /
Milan /
Senigallia (Sena Gallica) / Cenon (Senon) /
Sénonnes / Sainz-lez-Hautecloque
(Senonis)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 4th c / BC 350 / BC 3rd
c / BC 283
/ BC 232 / BC 225 / BC 54 / BC 53
/ BC 51-50
DEITIES Vellaunos
LEADERS Ambicatus (Rix) / Vercingetorix (war
leader) /
Aneroestus, Britomarus and
Concolitanus (war
leaders) /
Moritasgos / Cavarinos / Indutiomaros
/ Acco / Drappes
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Ambarri / Andes /
Arverni / Aulerci /
Bituriges / Boii / Carnuti / Cenomani / Insubres
/ Lingones / Parisii / Sequani /
Turoni /
Treveri / Veneti
MAP REF 192 - C
REMARKS The Senones were a nomadic cattle people
who
left the Rhine valley of Germany around BC
6th century and
roamed over Gaul leaving their name at many
places. They
finally settled around the Loire, Seine and
Yonne rivers
with centers at Metiosedum, Sens (Agedincum)
and
Vellaunodunum. The Seine river at this time was called the
Sena.
The Ædui, Ambarri, Aulerci, Carnuti, Lingones,
Senones, Sequani and Turoni tribes were all related
by
blood.
By BC 4th century the Senones and
Lingones were also
settled around the Garonne river, the
Senones across the
river from Senon (Cenon). They belonged to a confederation
of related tribes led at the time by
Ambicatus of the
Bituriges.
The confederation also included the Ædui,
Ambarri, Andes, Arverni, Aulerci, Bituriges, Carnuti,
Cenomani, Insubres and Lingones tribes.
During this time, young male and female
warriors of
the tribes were following the trail of Bellovesus
over the
Alps in search of new land in Italy. The Senones crossed
the Alps after the Boii and the Lingones,
and marched on
Rome with 30,000 warriors. The Senones, Boii and Insubres
also destroyed the Etruscan town of Meltum
(Melzo) and
founded Milan.
Unlike most La Tène tribes, who were
looking for
agricultural land, the Senones thrived on
the slopes of the
Apennines.
By BC 350, the Senones had settlements along
the Adriatic coast and the Alsis (Esino) and
Chienti
rivers.
They founded the settlement of Sena Gallica
(Senigallia) near Ancona. Cemeteries with rectangular
graves containing numerous weapons,
ornaments and funerary
vessels have also been found in their
territory, such as at
Montefortino near Arcevia and San Genesto
near Tolentino.
In BC 3rd century, the Senones
contributed warriors to
fight in Galatia and Egypt. In BC 283, the Romans attacked
the Senones in Italy and stole much wealth
including 1000
pounds (450 kg) of gold. In BC 232 the Romans decided to
evict the Senones and divide up their
land. This led to
the Gallic invasion over the Alps in BC
225. The force of
50,000 foot and 20,000 horse and chariot
warriors was led
by the three Celtic chieftains Aneroestus,
Britomarus and
Concolitanus. At Telamon, the Celts met a combined army of
Romans, Veneti and Cenomani and were
defeated. This was
the end of Celtic power in Italy.
In BC 54, Caesar forced the Senones of
Gaul to replace
Moritasgos with Cavarinos as the chieftain
of the tribe.
The tribe planned to execute him but he
escaped, so they
banished him. Caesar was upset and tried to make the
council of the tribe justify their actions
but they ignored
him.
The Senones contributed warriors to the rebellion
started by Indutiomaros until he was killed.
In BC 53, the Senones chieftain Acco
joined
Vercingetorix in his attempt to rid Gaul of
the invading
Romans.
The Romans marched upon the Senone oppidum of
Metiosedum which was situated on an island
in the Seine.
The oppidum was undefended and fell without
a struggle,
causing the Parisii tribe to burn their
oppidum of Paris
downriver.
Also by BC 53 the Senones, Carnuti and
the Treveri
were trying to get support from the tribes
on the other
side of the Rhine. Caesar marched into their territory,
caught them unprepared and forced them to
surrender. The
Senones then had to suffer the indignity of
feeding six
legions throughout the winter.
The Senones contributed warriors to the force that
attacked the rear of Caesar's army during
the siege at
Alesia.
In BC 51-50, a Senones chieftain named Drappes was
still hindering the Roman war effort by
intercepting Roman
supplies.
EPITHET Of the Seine
CULTURE Goidel / Tumulus / Gallic
COUNTRY France / Switzerland
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Seine (Sequana) / Saône / Doubs / Jura
Mountains
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Epamanduodurum / Besancon (Vesontio)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 12th-8th c / BC 6th c / BC 71 / BC
58 / BC 52
DEITIES Abilus / Baco / Borvo / Ianuaria /
Sequana
LEADERS Ariovistos (war leader) / Casticus /
Catamantaloedis
SEE ALSO Ædui / Ambarri / Arverni / Aulerci /
Carnuti /
Helvetii / Lingones / Mandubii /
Senones /
Turoni
MAP
REF 193 - A/C
REMARKS The Sequani tribe were of the Bronze Age
Goidel
culture and settled in the upper Sequana
(Seine) sometime
between BC 12th-8th century. They buried their dead in
tumuli and considered themselves to be of
Trojan stock. The
Ædui, Ambarri, Aulerci, Carnuti, Lingones,
Senones, Sequani
and Turoni tribes were all related by
blood. They were
horse warriors and one of their centers was
named
Epamanduodurum (the city of horse traders).
Sometime around BC 6th century the
Sequani were pushed
eastward across the Saône by the Mandubii
tribe. They then
settled north of the Rhône between the Saône
and the Jura
Mountains with their center at the oppidum
of Vesontio
(Besancon) on the Doubs river and a sacred
spring at Beire-
le-Chatel.
The fortress of Vesontio was surrounded by a
perfect natural defence.
In BC 71, the Sequani and the Arverni tribes invited
Ariovistos to come over the Rhine with his
warriors and
help them defeat the Ædui. When the combined forces had
defeated the Ædui, Ariovistos and his
Germani warriors
decided not to leave and instead attacked
Vesontio, then
settled in the Sequani territory.
The Sequani, Ædui, and Helvetii were
supporters of the
scheme with Orgetorix to control Gaul. In BC 58, Casticus
became head chieftain of the Sequani and
gave his consent
for the Helvetii and their friends to pass
through Sequani
territory, which angered Caesar. In BC 52, the Sequani
contributed 12,000 warriors to attack the
rear of Caesar's
forces at the siege of Alesia.
The Coligny Calendar was found in the
border zone
between the Sequani and the Ambarri
tribes. A number of
the names of the months were Goidel, not
Brythonic, which
shows that the Goidel language at least in
part was still
surviving on the continent.
CULTURE Pictish / La Tène A / Briton
AFFILIATION Tuath Tabhaira (clan)
COUNTRY England / Ireland
REGION Lancashire
TERRITORY Lloegr
LANDMARKS Irish Sea
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 2nd-1st c
DEITIES Ialonos
SEE
ALSO Brigantes / Cornovii
MAP
REF 194 - B
REMARKS The Setantii tribe were Pictish warriors
who
established themselves in England around BC
6th century
where they became known as Britons. The tribal territory
was on the west coast of England on the
Irish Sea between
present-day Lancaster and Liverpool, south
of the Brigantes
tribe and north of the Cornovii.
The Tuath Tabhaira was a clan of the
Setantii who
settled in Ireland. The Ulster hero Cu Chulainn (BC 2nd-
1st c) was of the Tuath Tabhaira clan.
CULTURE Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
SEE
ALSO Sontiati
MAP
REF 195 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS After the Roman defeat of the Sontiati
in BC 56,
the Sibuzates and other Aquitani tribes
became concerned.
They formed an inter-tribal army led by
warriors who had
fought and beaten the Romans in earlier
battles.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt / Gallic
AFFILIATION client of the Cavares tribe
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Cevennes Mountains / Rhône
AGE Iron
DATES BC 5th c
SEE
ALSO Cavares
MAP
REF 196 - C
REMARKS The Sigovellauni became a client tribe
of the
Cavares when they settled in the Cevennes
Mountains
(Valentinois). During BC 5th century, warriors from their
tribe helped drive the Iberian settlers
south against the
Pyrenees.
CULTURE Bell Beaker People
COUNTRY Portugal / Wales
REGION Worcestershire
LANDMARKS Gavenny / Usk / Black Mountains
CENTERS Abergavenny / Caerwent (Venta Silurum) /
Caerleon (Isca Silurum)
AGE Neolithic / Chalcolithic / Bronze /
Iron
DATES 3rd millenium / BC 1st c / AD 47 / AD
5th-7th
DEITIES Ocelos
LEADERS Pwyll / Caratacus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Catuvellauni / Cornovii /
Deceangli / Demetae /
Ordovices
MAP
REF 197 - B
REMARKS The Silures were an ancient tribe of
warriors.
They were of small stature with dark curly
hair, and very
warlike and fierce. They were most likely Bell Beaker
People who came to Britain from Portugal
during late
Neolithic times in the 3rd millennium.
The Silures venerated a personification
of the
wildcat.
Their centers included Gobannium (Abergavenny) at
the confluence of the Gavenny and Usk
rivers, Venta Silurum
(Caerwent) and Isca Silurum (Caerleon).
During BC 1st century when Pwyll was
head chieftain of
southern Wales, the Catuvellauni tribe under
the chieftain
Cassubellaunos invaded their territory while
their warriors
were fighting in Ireland.
In AD 47 the Silures fought for
Caratacus and his
Catuvellauni warriors alongside the
Cornovii, Deceangli,
Demetae and Ordovices tribes.
From AD 5th-7th century they fought as
one of the
Cymry tribes and against the different
invaders of their
territory.
CULTURE La Tène II / Belgae
AFFILIATION client of the Suessiones
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Seine
AGE Iron
DATES BC 1st c
SEE
ALSO Suessiones
MAP
REF 198 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Silvanectes were settled around the
Seine
river.
They became a client tribe of the Suessiones until
after the Roman occupation of BC 1st
century, when they
became independent.
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Sutherland
LANDMARKS Loch Naver
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 2nd c
SEE
ALSO Cornovii
MAP
REF 199 - B
REMARKS By AD 2nd century the Smertae territory
included
Loch Naver in present-day Sutherland and was
south of the
Cornovii.
AFFILIATION client of the Ui Maine
COUNTRY Ireland
AGE Iron
DATES BC 2nd c
SEE
ALSO Ui Maine
MAP
REF 200 - (E) unknown location
REMARKS The Soghan tribe was a client of the Ui
Maine
and was made up from six different clans.
ALTERNATIVE Sontiates
CULTURE Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
LANDMARKS Garonne / Lot / Aveyron
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd / BC 1st c / BC 56
LEADERS Adiatunnus
MAP
REF 201 - C
REMARKS The territory of the Sontiati was on the
south
side of the Garonne river across from its
confluences with
the Lot and the Aveyron. The Sontiati worked many copper
mines and quarries in their territory. By BC 3rd century
the tribe was using a silver coin called a
drachma.
In BC 1st century, the Sontiati
destroyed a Roman army
which had invaded their territory. In BC 56 they were
again invaded by the Romans. This time the Romans brought
siege equipment and a large force of Celtic
foot and horse
warriors from the Roman territory of
Province.
The Sontiati chieftain Adiatunnus
attacked the Romans
with horse warriors and battle-line soldiers
but they were
beaten back to their oppidum and put under
siege. The
Sontiati's familiarity with mining prompted
them to attempt
tunnelling out of the besieged
fortress. The escape by
tunnels failed, so the warriors within
surrendered except
for Adiatunnus and his soldurii, who tried
to break out
while the Romans were distracted. This escape attempt also
failed and they had to surrender.
The Roman force must have been a
considerable one for
the soldurii to surrender. Adiatunnus's 600 companions
would all have pledged themselves to share
his fate,
sharing all the good things received in life
and fighting
to the death or committing suicide if he
died.
ALTERNATIVE Suevi
CULTURE Germani
AFFILIATION 100 clans of the Suebi confederation /
Angles
COUNTRY Germany / Portugal
TERRITORY Suebia
LANDMARKS Main / Werra / Bacenis Forest
SITES Conimbriga
CENTERS Braga / Porto
AGE Iron
DATES BC 58 / BC 55 / BC 53 / AD 5th c / AD
468
LEADERS Nasoa / Cimberius / Ariovistos (war
leader)
SEE
ALSO Angles / Cherusci / Treveri
MAP
REF 202 - A
REMARKS The Suebi were the largest and most
fierce of
the Germani tribes. Their territory was north of the Main
river to the Werra and included part of the
large tract of
forest known as Bacenis in the east. They were an
effective horse warriors and rode rugged
horses without
saddles, but also dismounted and fought on
foot.
The Suebi were hunter-herders living on
meat, cheese
and milk.
They clothed themselves in leather or hides and
used most of their time to hunt and
fight. Males and
females swam together naked and even in
winter they went
about in scanty clothing. Although there were no taboos
against sex, they believed that if they
stayed chaste
throughout their youth it would make them
more powerful
warriors.
Every year half the tribe would leave
the territory to
go warring while the other half stayed home
and supplied
the food.
The next year the warriors would trade
positions.
The Suebi did not cultivate much land and
believed that a tribe's prestige was
demonstrated by the
amount of wilderness it contained. They believed that to
become domesticated or drink wine like the
Gauls would
weaken their spirit and body. Because of this they only
allowed traders into their land to purchase
their booty,
and not to trade for luxuries.
In BC 58, 100 clans of the Suebi
crossed the Rhine
into Gaul with the brothers Nasoa and
Cimberius as their
chieftains. There they joined with the Suebi war leader
Ariovistos and other tribes to fight the
Romans.
In BC 55 the Suebi ran Caesar out of
Germany when he
crossed the Rhine and in BC 53 they sent
warriors to help
the Treveri fight the Romans. Caesar built a bridge across
the Rhine and again went after the
Suebi. This time they
waited for him in a part of the Bacenis
Forest which, along
with the Werra river, was a barrier between
them and
another fierce tribe called the
Cherusci. Caesar though
better of his idea and retreated back into
Gaul, burning
his bridge behind him.
In AD 5th century warriors of the Suebi
were invited
by the Romans to migrate to Portugal where
they made
centers at present-day Braga and Porto in
Portugal. In AD
468 the Suebi destroyed the Roman city of
Conimbriga
outside present-day Coimbra.
ALTERNATIVE Suessones
CULTURE La Tène A / La Tène II / Belgae
AFFILIATION Meldi, Silvanectes and Parisii (clients)
COUNTRY Germany / France / Spain / England
REGION Haute-Marne
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Marne / Aisne / Ebro
CENTERS Soissons (Noviodunum) / Suessatium
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 1st c / BC 57
LEADERS Divitiacus / Galba
SEE
ALSO Aduatuci / Ambiani / Atrebates
/ Bellovaci /
Caeroesi / Caleti / Catuvellauni / Condrusi /
Eburones / Menapii / Meldi /
Morini / Nervii /
Paemani / Parisii / Remi /
Silvanectes /
Veliocasses / Viromandui
MAP REF 203 - C
REMARKS In BC 6th century the Suessiones, a
tribe of
Brythonic-speaking P-Celts, moved across the
Rhine with the
Caleti, Catuvellauni, Meldi, Remi and
Veliocasses, bringing
the La Tène A culture into Gaul. The Suessiones
intermingled with the Hallstatt people who
had occupied the
area.
Some of the tribe may have continued on south into
Spain, since there was a settlement on the
Ebro called
Suessatium and a tribe in the area was
called the
Suessetani.
The suffix "etani" was used mostly by
Tartessians.
The Suessiones settled a very fertile
territory from
the Aisne south and across the Marne. They minted their
own gold coins. The Meldi, Parisii and Silvanectes tribes
were clients of the Suessiones at one
time. In early BC
1st century the Suessiones chieftain
Divitiacus was head
chieftain of territory in England as well as
in Gaul.
During the Belgic war with Caesar in BC
57, their
chieftain Galba was appointed war leader. He contributed
12 oppida and 50,000 warriors from his own
tribe. As war
leader he was in charge of 336,000 warriors
supplied by the
Aduatuci, Ambiani, Atrebates, Bellovaci, Caeroesi, Caleti,
Condrusi, Eburones, Menapii, Morini, Nervii,
Paemani,
Suessiones, Veliocasses and Viromandui tribes.
The Suessiones defended their oppidum
of Noviodunum
(Soissons) against the Romans but when the
latter began to
construct siege equipment which the
Suessiones had never
seen before they surrendered, thinking the
Romans must have
a special relationship with the gods of war.
ALTERNATIVE Sigambri / Sygambri
CULTURE Germani
COUNTRY Holland / Germany
LANDMARKS Rhine / Ruhr
AGE Iron
DATES BC 1st c / BC 55 / BC 53
SEE
ALSO Eburones / Menapii / Tencteri /
Usipetes
MAP
REF 204 - A
REMARKS In BC 1st century the Sugambri tribe was
settled
on the right bank of the Rhine at its
confluence with the
Ruhr river.
In BC 55, a Roman leader named Caesar demanded
that they turn over warriors of the Usipetes
and Tencteri
tribes for having looted the Menapii. The Sugambri
refused, considering Caesar to be just an
interfering
outsider who spoke a foreign tongue. Caesar's army built a
bridge across the Rhine and attacked the
Sugambri, burned
their villages, destroyed their crops and
stole what they
could.
In the year BC 53, Caesar decided to
destroy the
Eburones, so he invited the Sugambri to
cross the Rhine and
raid the Eburones territory. The Sugambri brought a force
of 2000 horse-warriors and while they were
looting, Caesar
tried to set them up by leaking information
that the Romans
had a large quantity of booty at a
lightly-defended fort.
The Romans actually had nine legions plus a
force of
mercenary horse warriors stationed
there. The Sugambri,
who were sharper than Caesar, collected
their winnings from
the Eburones and crossed back over the Rhine
to their own
territory.
ALTERNATIVE Taixali
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Grampian
LANDMARKS North Sea
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 2nd c
SEE
ALSO Vacomagi / Venicones
MAP
REF 205 - B
REMARKS By AD 2nd century, the Taezali tribe was
settled
in present-day Grampian east of the
Vacomagi, north of the
Venicones and facing the North Sea.
CULTURE Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
SEE
ALSO Sontiati
MAP
REF 206 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Tarbelli tribe of Aquitanica
contributed
warriors to fight the invading Romans during
the summer of
BC 56 after they heard of the crushing
defeat that the
Sontiati had suffered at the hands of the
Romans.
CULTURE Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
LANDMARKS Pyrenees / Adour
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
SEE
ALSO Sontiati
MAP
REF 207 - C
REMARKS The Tarusates tribe was situated in the
Pyrenees
Mountains on the Adour river. They contributed warriors to
fight the invading Romans during the summer
of BC 56 after
the crushing blow that defeated the
Sontiati.
CULTURE Gallic
AFFILIATION Ambidravi and Ambisontes (clients)
COUNTRY Austria
TERRITORY Noricum
LANDMARKS Tauern Mountains / Drave
SITES Telamon
CENTERS Noreia
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c / BC 225 / BC 113
SEE
ALSO Ambidravi / Ambisontes / Cimbri
/ Veneti
MAP
REF 208 - A
REMARKS The Taurisci tribe was formed from
Gallic
warriors who followed Segovesus in BC 4th
century. The
tribe settled in the old territory of the
Veneti on the
upper Drave (Drava, Drau) and Sava rivers.
The Taurisci took their name from the
Tauern (Taurus)
mountain range in Austria. They called their territory
Noricum and founded Noreia as their
center. The Ambidravi
and Ambisontes tribes were client tribes.
In BC 225 the Taurisci contributed
warriors to help
the Gallic cause during the battle of
Telamon. In BC 113
they survived an attack by the Cimbri.
ALTERNATIVE Tectosagi
CULTURE Gallic / Illyrian / La Tène / Galatian
AFFILIATION clan of the Volcae Tectosages / Teutobodiaci
(clan)
COUNTRY Germany / Czech / Turkey
TERRITORY Galatia
LANDMARKS Sakarya
SITES Delphi / Mount Olympos / Mount Magaba
CENTERS Tavium / Titobriga
AGE Iron
DATES BC 279 / BC 270 / BC 240-230 / BC 202
LEADERS Brennus, Leonnorios and Lutarios (war
leaders)
SEE
ALSO Teutobodiaci / Tolistoboii /
Trogmi / Volcae
Tectosages
MAP
REF 209 - A
REMARKS Warriors of the the Volcae Tectosages
from the
old homeland were a part of Brennus's army
when they sacked
Delphi in BC 279, capturing much of the gold
themselves and
managing to transfer it to the tribal
territory of the
Gallic Volcae Tectosages in southern
France. Another group
of the tribe went with Leonnorios and
Lutarios when they
invaded Thrace.
The Volcae Tectosages were also a part
of the Celtic-
Illyrian force that hired out to Nicomedes,
King of
Bithynia, in his fight against Antiochos the
Seleucid. The
Celtic army was made up of 20,000 male and
female horse
warriors.
Soon they were working for themselves until they
were defeated in BC 270 by Antiochos Soter
of Syria, who
was using war elephants. They then settled on the Plateau
of Phrygia and entered into local
conflicts. Between BC
240 and BC 230 the tribes were beaten four
times by Attalos
of Pergamon.
The warriors, who were from different
tribes and clans
of Gaul, decided to form themselves into
three tribes with
four clans each. The tribes called themselves the
Tectosages, the Trogmi and the Tolistoboii,
and they
established the confederation of
Galatia. The Tectosages
settled around the Sakarya river, between
the Trogmi to
their northeast and the Tolistoboii to the
south. They
developed Tavium as their capital and
Titobriga as another
center.
The Teutobodiaci was a clan of theirs.
After the Battle of Zama, Tunisia in BC
202, Hannibal
retreated to Galatia and won over Antiochos,
a Macedonian
king of Syria. The Galatians sided with the Carthaginians
and the Tolistoboii were attacked by Romans
at their
stronghold in Mount Olympos. They lost to the Romans and
40,000 warriors were taken as prisoners.
The Tectosages and the Trogmi were
besieged at their
stronghold of Mount Magaba which was
pillaged by the Romans
when they won.
CULTURE Germani
COUNTRY Germany / Holland
LANDMARKS Rhine
AGE Iron
DATES BC 55
SEE
ALSO Menapii / Suebi / Sugambri /
Usipetes
MAP
REF 210 - A
REMARKS The Tencteri and the Usipetes were grain
farmers
who were driven from their land by the more
aggressive
Suebi.
They travelled along the right bank of the Rhine
until they came to the territory of the
Menapii. The
Tencteri confiscated Menapii boats and
crossed to that
tribe's territory on the other side of the
Rhine. They
then proceeded to seize the land and
buildings and lived on
Menapii supplies throughout the following
winter.
When spring came, the Tencteri returned
across the
Rhine and settled in the territory of their
friends the
Sugambri.
In BC 55, Caesar saw a chance to interfere in
local politics and invaded the Sugambri
territory on the
pretense of helping the Menapii.
CULTURE Gallic / Illyrian / La Tène / Galatian
AFFILIATION clan of the Tectosages
COUNTRY Turkey
TERRITORY Gaul / Galatia
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c
SEE
ALSO Tectosages
MAP
REF 211 - A
REMARKS In BC 3rd century, the Celtic-Illyrian
warriors
who remained in present-day Turkey formed
into 3 tribes
with four clans in each. The Teutobodiaci were one of the
four clans of the Tectosages.
EPITHET The People
ALTERNATIVE Teutones
CULTURE Germani / La Tène II / Germano-Celtic
COUNTRY Denmark / Germany / France
REGION Jutland
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Cimbric Peninsula / Danish Islands / Oder
/ Elbe
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c / BC 113 / BC 109 / BC 105 /
BC 103 /
BC 74
LEADERS Spartacus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Aduatuci / Ambrones / Cimbri /
Helvetii /
Tigurini
MAP
REF 212 - A
REMARKS The Teutoni homeland was south of the
Cimbri on
the Cimbric Peninsula (Jutland), the Danish
Islands (Sinus
Codanus) along the east coast of Denmark and
between the
Elbe and the Oder rivers in present-day
Germany. The
Teutoni were Nordic people of the Germani
culture with
light skin, blue eyes and blond hair.
The Teutoni were fierce warriors who
acquired their
wealth by controlling the amber trade to the
south. The
tribe procured their amber from the people
of the island of
Esel (Abalum or "island of
apples") on the Baltic Coast.
By BC 3rd century the Teutoni were
mixing with the
Celtic people and exchanging goods and
ideas. Their
language contained a high percentage of
Celtic words and
many of their people had Celtic names.
The Teutoni travelled with an elite
unit of battle-
line warriors called Ambrones. In BC 113 they met up with
their friends the Cimbri as the latter were
returning from
their excursion to the southeast. The three tribes
remained in the area of the Main until BC
109 when the
Tigurini, Helvetii and their clans joined
with them and
travelled across the Rhine into Gaul in
search of empty
land.
In southern Gaul they came across a Roman army and
tried to negotiate for land in the
area. When the Romans
failed to conduct themselves properly, the
Teutoni and
their allies defeated them.
In BC 105 the Teutoni, Cimbri, Ambrones
and Helvetii
travelled down the Rhône where they came up
against and
annihilated two more Roman armies. The tribes then split
up, with the Teutoni and Ambrones travelling
to northern
Gaul, the Cimbri south into Spain and the
Helvetii to
Switzerland.
In BC 103, the Teutones and Ambrones
were joined in
Belgica by the Cimbri, who had abandoned
their search for
land in Spain. Here they left behind warriors to guard
their cattle and belongings while the rest
journeyed into
Italy in search of empty land. The people left behind in
Belgica were to become the Aduatuci tribe.
The tribes then split up with the intentions of
invading Italy from two different
directions. The Teutoni
and the Ambrones travelled to southern
France where they
passed through the Piedmont Alps into Italy
via the
Durance.
They were defeated by a Roman army in a battle at
Aix.
Those who were not killed were taken prisoners to
serve as slaves or to amuse the Roman
citizenry by fighting
each other as gladiators.
In BC 74 the gladiators and slaves
revolted under the
command of the Thracian Spartacus and began
to wreak chaos
throughout Italy.
CULTURE Hallstatt / La Tène / Gallic
AFFILIATION clan of the Helvetii
COUNTRY Germany / Austria / Switzerland
REGION Bavaria
TERRITORY Noricum
LANDMARKS Main / Rhine / Lake Leman / Jura Mountains
SITES near Agen
AGE Iron
DATES BC 109 / BC 107 / BC 103 / BC 58
LEADERS Divico
SEE
ALSO Ambrones / Cimbri / Helvetii /
Nitiobriges /
Santoni / Teutoni / Volcae Tectosages
MAP
REF 213 - A/C
REMARKS The Tigurini were a clan of the Helvetii
and
were situated in Bavaria south of the Main
river on the
right bank of the Rhine. In BC 109 they left with the
Helvetii, following the Cimbri, Teutoni and
Ambrones across
the Rhine and into Gaul where they met and
defeated a Roman
army.
In BC 107 the Tigurini travelled into
Province, the
Roman territory in southern France. There they joined with
the Volcae Tectosages and besieged a Roman
garrison. The
Tigurini, led by their chieftain Divico,
tricked the Romans
by fleeing down the Garonne. When the Romans followed them
into the territory of the Nitiobriges, they
were set upon
and destroyed, near present-day Agen.
In BC 103, the Tigurini went with the
Cimbri into
Austria and remained in Noricum as a reserve
army while the
Cimbri continued into Italy. Sometime after the defeat of
the Cimbri, the Tigurini moved across the
Rhine and settled
north
of Lake Leman in the Jura Mountains.
In BC 58, when the Tigurini left with
the Helvetii and
other tribes to settle finally in a new and
rich land in
the territory of the Santoni, they were
slaughtered by
Caesar and his Roman soldiers. Caesar had a special hate
for the Tigurini because his wife's father's
grandfather
had been killed in the battle of BC 107 in
Province.
Because of this, Caesar annihilated 258,000
Celtic men,
women and children.
ALTERNATIVE Tolistoagii / Tolistobogii
CULTURE Gallic / Illyrian / La Tène / Galatian
AFFILIATION Ambituti, Tosiopes and Voturi (clans)
COUNTRY Turkey
REGION Asia Minor
TERRITORY Galatia
LANDMARKS Sakarya (Sangarios) headwaters
SITES Mount Olympos / Plateau of Phrygia
CENTERS Tolistothora / Pessinus / Gordium
AGE Iron
DATES BC 279 / BC 270 / BC 240-230 / BC 202
LEADERS Brennus (war leader) / Ortiagon
SEE
ALSO Ambituti / Tectosages /
Tosiopes / Trogmi /
Voturi
MAP
REF 214 - A
REMARKS Before Brennus' warriors looted the
temple of
Delphi in BC 279, a troop led by Leonnorios
and Lutarios
split off and invaded Thrace. Nicomedes, King of Bithynia,
hired them to help him fight against
Antiochos the
Seleucid.
They were a small army of horse warriors, about
20,000 males and females. Soon they were working for
themselves until they were defeated in BC
270 by Antiochos
Soter and his war elephants. They then settled on the
Plateau of Phrygia where they entered into
local conflicts.
Between BC 240 and BC 230, the tribes were
beaten four
times by Attalos of Pergamon.
The warriors called themselves
Galatians and formed a
confederation of 3 tribes with 4 clans
each. The
Tolistoboii were in the south, the
Tectosages in the center
and the Trogmi in the northeast of the
territory.
The Tolistoboii were herder/horse
soldiers and settled
in the upper valley of the Sangarios
(Sakarya) river with
centers at Tolistothora, Pessinus and
Gordium. Three of
their clans were called the Ambituti, the
Tosiopes and the
Voturi.
Ortiagon was one of the four chieftains.
After the Battle of Zama, Tunisia in BC
202, Hannibal
retreated to Galatia and won over Antiochos,
a Macedonian
king of Syria. The Galatians sided with the Carthaginians,
and the Tolistoboii were attacked by Romans
at their
stronghold in Mount Olympos. They lost to the Romans and
40,000 warriors were taken prisoners.
CULTURE Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
LANDMARKS Garonne / Ariege
CENTERS Toulouse (Tolosa)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 1st c
MAP
REF 215 - C
REMARKS In BC 1st century the territory of the
Tolosates
tribe was south of the Garonne river in
southern France.
Tolosa (Toulouse) was their center at the
confluence of the
Garonne and Ariege rivers.
ALTERNATIVE Tosiopes
CULTURE Galatian
AFFILIATION clan of the Tolistoboii
COUNTRY Turkey
TERRITORY Galatia
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c
SEE
ALSO Tolistoboii
MAP
REF 216 - A
REMARKS In BC 3rd century, Gallic tribes that
remained
in present-day Turkey formed into 3 tribes
with four clans
each.
The Tosiope were a clan of the Tolistoboii tribe.
ALTERNATIVE Treviri
CULTURE Urnfield-Hallstatt / La Tène II / Belgae
AFFILIATION Condrusi / Eburones (clients)
COUNTRY Belgium / Luxembourg / Germany
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Moselle / Rhine / Ardennes
CENTERS Trier (Treverorum) / Ricol
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th c / BC 57 / BC 54 / BC 53 / AD
1st c
DEITIES Arduinna / Artio / Aveta / Ancamna /
Inciona /
Lenus / Matres / Ritona / Sirona / Veraudinus
LEADERS Indutiomaros / Cingetorix / Civilis
SEE
ALSO Condrusi / Eburones / Leuci /
Nervii / Remi
MAP
REF 217 - C
REMARKS The Treveri were Bronze Age Celts, and
by BC 9th
century they were settled in the Ardennes
Mountains on both
banks of the Moselle and the left bank of
Rhine rivers,
with a center at Rigodulum (Ricol or Reol)
and a religious
center at Treverorum (Trier). They were situated south of
their client tribe the Condrusi and north of
the Leuci
tribe.
Hubert suggests a relation between the
people of
Brittany and the Treveri in Belgica because
of the
similarity of monuments in Treveri territory
and those at
St Malo, Kerlot and Guelen. Both areas have artifacts such
as carved standing stones covered with plant
motifs,
giants, horsemen and drums, and bases for
the columns
bearing representations of gods, the
seasons, etc. Chadwick
associates the Turoe stone from Galway in
Ireland, the
Pfalzfeld stone of the Rhine Moselle area and a decorated
stone from Kermaria in Brittany as being
carved by the same
culture.
The Treveri had the largest complement
of horse
warriors in Gaul and in BC 57 they
contributed horse
warriors to help Caesar against the
Nervii. In BC 54,
Caesar interfered in a competition between
Indutiomaros and
Cingetorix for the position as head
chieftain of the
Treveri.
Caesar put his influence behind Cingetorix
because of his pro-Roman stance. Caesar's interference
caused discontent among the warriors of the
tribe and many
followed Indutiomaros to war against the
Romans. They
fought throughout the winter until
Indutiomaros was killed
due to a concentrated effort by the Romans.
The Treveri received help from across
the Rhine and
continued to fight the Romans until BC 53,
when their
leaders fled to Britain after being routed
by the Romans.
In AD 1st century, the Treveri Civilis led a
revolt that
was instigated by the Celtic druids. Roman lackeys of the
Remi tribe intervened and Celtic
consciousness disappeared
from most of Gaul.
ALTERNATIVE Triboces
CULTURE Germano-Celtic / Belgae
AFFILIATION clan of the Suebi confederation
COUNTRY Germany / France
REGION Alsace
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Rhine / Moselle / Saar / Vosges
AGE Iron
DATES BC 70 / BC 58
LEADERS Ariovistos (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Nemetes / Suebi / Vangiones
MAP
REF 218 - C
REMARKS The Triboci was a Germano-Celtic tribe
that
moved across the Rhine around BC 70 with the
Nemetes and
Vangiones tribes and settled into a
territory between the
Moselle and Saar rivers and the Vosges
Mountains.
In BC 58, as a clan of the Suebi
confederation, they
contributed 6,000 horse warriors and 6,000
foot-warriors to
fight under the Suebi chieftain Ariovistos
against the
invading Romans. The two types of warrior fought together
as a team.
The foot-warrior kept up with the horse-warrior
by holding onto the horse's mane or tail
while running
alongside.
CULTURE Pictish / La Tène A / Belgae
AFFILIATION client of the Lingones
COUNTRY Germany / France
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Seine / Aube
CENTERS Troyes
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 1st c
SEE ALSO Baiocasses / Cassi / Dii Casses /
Lingones /
Veliocasses / Viducasses
MAP
REF 219 - C
REMARKS The Tricasses were Brythonic-speaking Picts
who
left their homeland in Germany during BC 6th
century. They
settled in France, around present-day Troyes
on the Seine
over to the Aube, and became a client tribe
of the
Lingones.
The Tricasses were related to the
Baiocasses, Cassi,
Dii Casses, Veliocasses, and Viducasses
tribes. In BC 1st
century after the Romans conquered Gaul, the
Tricasses were
detached from the Lingones.
CULTURE Gallic
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhône / Durance
AGE Iron
DATES BC 218
SEE
ALSO Vocontii
MAP
REF 220 - C
REMARKS In BC 218, the Tricastini were settled
on the
left bank of the Rhône on both sides of the
Durance river,
to the west of the Vocontii.
EPITHET Of The Three Tribes
CULTURE Urnfield-Hallstatt
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Alps / Rhône
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th c
MAP
REF 221 - C
REMARKS The Tricorii tribe was settled between
the Alps
and the Rhône in the late Bronze Age.
ALTERNATIVE Lloegrwys / Trinobantes
CULTURE Pictish / La Tène A / Aremorican /
Briton
AFFILIATION client of the Catuvellauni tribe
COUNTRY France / England
REGION Brittany (Llydaw) / Cornwall / Suffolk /
Essex
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica / Lloegr
LANDMARKS Loire / Thames / Channel
CENTERS London (Trinovantum) / Braughing /
(Camulodun
- fortress of Camulos)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 15th-13th c / BC 6th c / BC 1st c /
BC 54 /
BC 15 / AD 41
DEITIES Corotiacus / Camulos
LEADERS Hu Gardarn / Prydain / Dyvnwal Moelmud /
Imanuentios / Casseto / Avarwy / Addedormarus
SEE
ALSO Atrebates / Cantii /
Catuvellauni / Iceni /
Regni
MAP REF 222 - C/B
REMARKS The Trinovantes were one of the tribes
of the
Pictish culture who were led by Hu Gardarn
from Thrace to
the North Sea, then travelled south to
Brittany (Llydaw)
where they settled on the right bank of the
mouth of the
Liger (Loire) river sometime between BC
15th-13th century.
This was in the region identified as ancient
Aetolia by
Wilkens, suggesting that they may have
helped supply
warriors and ships to the Achaean force
during the Trojan
War.
In BC 6th century, a chieftain called
Prydain led
warriors of the Pictish tribes to Lloegr
(England) where
they became known as the Briton
culture. A chieftain of
the Trinovantes tribe named Dyvnwal Moelmud
conquered a
large territory on the island including Caer
Troia
(present-day London) the center for the
Coritani tribe. The
Trinovantes changed the name to Trinovantum
(town of the
Trinovantes).
In BC 1st century, the Trinovantes were
pushed north
of the Thames river by the expanding Belgae
culture and
their territory shrunk to an area south of
the Iceni tribe.
Their new tribal center was established at
Braughing until
it was moved in BC 15 to Camulodun (fort of
Camulos),
modern-day Colchester, by a chieftain named
Addedormarus.
The Trinovantes had been the most
powerful tribe in
England but were finally defeated by the
Belgae
Catuvellauni chieftain Cunobel in AD 1st
century when he
captured Camulodun and made it his center of
operations.
Avarwy, son of the defeated Imanuentios,
went to Gaul and
asked Caesar for help. Caesar used this as an opportunity
to attempt an invasion of England and
investigate the state
of affairs.
During his expedition of BC 54, Caesar killed
the Trinovantes chieftain Casseto, put
Avarwy in his place
and made the Trinovantes a protectorate of
Rome.
In AD 41 the Trinovantes allied
themselves with the
Iceni tribe and contributed warriors to
fight the invading
Romans who were becoming a constant
interference in their
Celtic way of life. In AD 57 they retook their center at
Camulodun and massacred the Roman
population. This helped
delay the Roman expedition against the
druids of Anglesey.
During the Roman occupation of England, the Atrebates,
Cantii, Iceni, Regni, and Trinovantes were
grouped together
in a province.
CULTURE Urnfield-Hallstatt
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Alps / Rhône
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th c
MAP
REF 223 - C
REMARKS The Tritolli were an Urnfield-Hallstatt
people
who settled in the area between the Alps and
the Rhône in
the late Bronze Age.
ALTERNATIVE Trocmi
CULTURE Gallic / Illyrian / La Tène / Galatian
COUNTRY Turkey
REGION Asia Minor
TERRITORY Galatia
LANDMARKS Kizilirmak / Plateau of Phrygia
CENTERS Eccobriga / Mount Magaba
AGE Iron
DATES BC 270 / BC 240-230 / BC 202
SEE
ALSO Tectosages / Tolistoboii
MAP
REF 224 - A
REMARKS Before Brennus' warriors looted the
temple of
Delphi, another troop of Gallic-Illyrian
warriors under the
joint command of Leonnorius and Lutarius
split off and
invaded Thrace. Nicomedes, King of Bithynia, hired them to
help him fight against Antiochos the
Seleucid. They were a
small army of 20,000 male and female horse
warriors.
Soon they were working for themselves
but were
defeated in BC 270 by Antiochos Soter of
Syria. After the
defeat, the warriors settled on the Plateau
of Phrygia.
They entered into local conflicts and
between BC 240-230
were beaten four times by Attalos of
Pergamon.
They called their territory Galatia and
formed into 3
tribes with 4 clans each.
The Trogmi settled in the
northeast of Galatia, the Tectosages in the
center and the
Tolistoboii to the south. The Trogmi tribe settled by the
Halys (Kizilirmak) river with their center
at Eccobriga.
After the Battle of Zama, Tunisia in BC
202, Hannibal
retreated to Galatia and won over Antiochos,
a Macedonian
king of Syria. The Galatians sided with the Carthaginians,
and the Tectosages and Trogmi tribes were
besieged at their
stronghold of Mount Magaba. When the battle was over the
Romans pillaged the fort.
CULTURE Ligurian
COUNTRY France / Italy
TERRITORY Gaul / Cisalpine Gaul
LANDMARKS Maritime Alps / Val Trompia / Val Camonica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c
MAP
REF 225 - C
REMARKS The Trumpilini were settled in the
Maritime Alps
of France but by BC 4th century they were
also reported to
be living in the Val Trompia of northeastern
Italy, and
possibly contributed to the Val Camonica drawings.
CULTURE Hallstatt / La Tène / Gallic
AFFILIATION clan of the Helvetii
COUNTRY Germany / Switzerland
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhine / Main / Danube
AGE Iron
DATES BC 109 / BC 58
SEE
ALSO Cimbri / Helvetii / Santoni /
Teutoni
MAP
REF 226 - A/C
REMARKS The Tugeni were a clan of the Helvetii
who
remained in the mountains on the right bank
of the Rhine
between the Main and the Danube.
In BC 109 they travelled with the
Helvetii across the
Rhine with the Cimbri and Teutoni in search
of new land in
Gaul.
Eventually they settled in Switzerland with the
Helvetii.
In BC 58 the Tugeni were with the
Helvetii when they
were massacred by the Romans on their way to
land promised
to them by the Santoni tribe.
CULTURE Hallstatt
AFFILIATION client of the Helvetii
COUNTRY Switzerland
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Rhine / Bodensee
AGE Iron
DATES BC 58
SEE
ALSO Allobroges / Helvetii / Santoni
/ Sequani
MAP
REF 227 - C
REMARKS The Tulingi were a client tribe of the
Helvetii
and were settled on the left bank of the
Rhine in
Switzerland, between the Bodensee and
modern-day Zurich.
Because of harassment by the Germani and the
lack of good
land, 36,000 Tulingi burned their villages
and left with
the Helvetii and other tribes on a march to
the promised
land in the territory of the Santoni. 368,000 Celts began
their migration on the 28th of March in BC
58, but none of
them reached their destination.
Caesar considered this migration a
threat because he
needed the Celts as a buffer between the
territory of Rome
and the dreaded Germani. He destroyed a principal bridge
over the Rhône near present-day Geneva (a
settlement of the
Allobroges) so the Helvetii and their
friends would have to
take the alternative route through the Jura
Mountains and
the territory of the Sequani. Around Bibracte in Burgundy,
Caesar ambushed the Celts, killing 258,000
men, women and
children.
He forced those left to go back to their
territory in Switzerland and face the
oncoming winter.
Caesar's desire to revenge his
father-in-law's
grandfather and his fear of the Germani had
shown him to be
a very treacherous man. Before the Roman reign of terror
was over, masses of Celts would die horrific
deaths or
mutilations with some tribes being
exterminated altogether.
CULTURE Goidel / Tartessian / Early Hallstatt /
La Tene II / Belgae
COUNTRY Spain / Portugal
TERRITORY Turdetania
LANDMARKS Guadiana / Guadalquivir / Strait of
Gibraltar
CENTERS Tartessus / Estola (Estledunum)
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 16th c / BC 13th / BC 12th c / BC
6th c / BC
535 / BC 3rd c
MAP
REF 228 - D
REMARKS It is quite possible that the Goidels
settled
this area by BC 16th c when tribes left
their homeland on
the Black Sea and voyaged to Spain. After BC 13th century,
the Goidel Celts gave way to the Tartessian
culture. By BC
12th century, the name Turdetani was used to
signify the
inhabitants of the western territory of the
Tartessian
culture.
By BC 6th century, the Tartessian culture had
come under the influence of the Early
Hallstatt Celts and
at this time the Turdetani tribe occupied a
territory in
southern Spain from the Guadiana river in
the west across
the Guadalquivir river in the east. The north pillar of
the Gates of Baal (Strait of Gibraltar) was
in their
territory.
The tribe was involved in naval
construction, and had
a commercial fleet of ships which they used
to export
wheat, wine, olive oil, honey, wax, pitch,
wool, salted
fish and textiles. Their territory was rich with cattle,
fruit, and mineral resources including gold,
silver, copper
and iron.
The Turdetani were also known for their poetry,
historical texts and written law system.
After the loss of the Tartessian fleet
to the
Carthaginians in BC 535, their sea power
began to wane.
Within the Turdetani territory there was a
fortified center
called Estledunum (Estola in the province of
Cordova near
Luque) which is a Belgic name which marked the
settlement
of La Tene II Celts into their
territory. The Turdetani
controlled the area until the coming of the
Romans.
CULTURE Goidel / Tartessian / Early Halstatt
AFFILIATION clan of the Turdetani
COUNTRY Spain / Portugal
LANDMARKS Lima / Vouga / Mondego / Douro / Tagus
CENTERS Santa Maria da Seira / Castro de
Borneiro /
Celorico da Beira / Vila Nova de
Gaia / Castelo
Rodrigo
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 535
SEE
ALSO Turdetani
MAP
REF 229 - D
REMARKS The Tartessian tribe of the Turduli
Veteres was
formed from Turdetani warriors who decided
to leave their
territory after the loss of the Tartessian
fleet to the
Carthaginians in BC 535. A chieftain, with the the help of
Celtic guides, led his expedition toward
Galicia in the
northwest corner of Spain.
When the Tartessians reached the Lethes
(Lima) river,
they quarrelled with their Celtic
allies. The Turduli lost
their chieftain and their motivation to
continue
northwards.
They turned south again but without guides
they became lost, finally settling in areas
between the
Douro and the Tagus rivers. There they established Castro
de Romariz (Santa Maria da Feira) and Castro de Borneiro,
with a capital at Monte Murado (Vila Nova de
Gaia). These
people became known as the Turduli Veteres
(Old Turduli).
This story of the Turduli Veteres tribe
becoming lost
when they crossed the River of Forgetfulness
(Lima) grew to
such a legend that Roman soldiers centuries
later refused
to cross the river in fear of forgetting who
they were.
The Roman commander had to cross the river
first and then
call each one of his soldiers over by name
to prove that
they would not forget.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / Spain
LANDMARKS Douro / Arlanza / Arlanzon / Oca / Sierra
de la
Demanda
CENTERS Deobrigula
AGE Iron
DATES BC 7th c
MAP
REF 230 - A/D
REMARKS The Turmogidi tribe was a part of the
Early
Hallstatt expansion that left their homeland
in present-day
Czech-Germany around BC 7th century. They arrived in Spain
either by water or by land and settled in
the Sierra de la
Demanda, at the headwaters of the Rio
Arlanza and Rio
Arlanzon.
These two rivers flow west into the Douro and
then to the Atlantic. Also in their territory were the
headwaters of the Oca, which flows into the
Ebro then east
to the Mediterranean. The Turmogidi tribe had a center
named Deobrigula.
ALTERNATIVE Turones
CULTURE Goidel / Gallic
COUNTRY Germany / France
TERRITORY Gaul / Turena
LANDMARKS Cher / Loire / Main / Thuringian Mountains
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTER Tours
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 57 / BC 54-53 / BC 52
LEADERS Vercingetorix (war leader) / Comm (war
leader)
SEE
ALSO Ædui / Ambarri / Aulerci /
Carnuti / Cubi /
Lingones / Senones / Sequani
MAP REF 231 - A/C
REMARKS The Turoni were a tribe of the Goidel
culture
who left their homeland and settled at the
confluence of
the Cher and Loire rivers in France. They called their
territory Turena and developed Tours as
their center. The
Ædui, Ambarri, Aulerci, Carnuti, Lingones,
Senones, Sequani
and Turoni tribes were all related by blood.
During the mid-Hallstatt period around
BC 6th century
warriors of the Turoni and Cubi tribes migrated
to the
Thuringian mountains of Germany north of the
Main in an
area known for its copper and iron deposits.
In BC 57 a Roman army wintered in
Turena after
defeating the Aremorican tribes. In BC 54-53 the Turoni
revolted against Roman oppression and in BC
52 were the
first tribe to support and give hostages to
Vercingetorix.
The Turoni also contributed 8,000 warriors
under the war
leader Comm to attack the rear of Caesar's
forces besieging
Alesia.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt / Gallic
COUNTRY Germany / Switzerland
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Alps / Rhône / Haut-Valais
AGE Iron
DATES BC 9th - 6th c
SEE
ALSO Seduni / Veragri
MAP
REF 232 - C
REMARKS The Uberi were a tribe of the Early
Hallstatt
culture who left Germany and settled in the
upper Rhône
area of the Haut-Valais sometime between BC
9th and 6th
centuries.
They were northeast of the Seduni and Veragri
tribes.
CULTURE Germani
COUNTRY Germany
LANDMARKS Rhine / Lahn
AGE Iron
DATES BC 55
SEE
ALSO Suebi
MAP
REF 233 - A
REMARKS The Ubii were a tribe of the Germani
culture who
settled on the right bank of the Rhine at
its confluence
with the Lahn river. They adopted the more domesticated
ways of Gaul, allowing traders into their
territory and
indulging in luxuries. Although still superior in numbers
to the Suebi tribe, they had become weak and
had to pay
tribute to them.
The Ubii gave hostages to the Romans in
return for the
Romans stopping the Suebi from harassing
them. They acted
as Roman spies when Caesar crossed the
Rhine, but were
disappointed when he failed to accomplish
anything.
CULTURE Gallic
AFFILIATION clan of the Eoganachta
COUNTRY Ireland / England
REGION Cornwall
TERRITORY Munster / Lloegr
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 4th c
SEE
ALSO Eoganachta
MAP
REF 234 - (B) unknown location
REMARKS In AD 4th century when the Irish were
settling
along the west coast of England, Wales and
Scotland, the Ui
Liathain, a clan of the Eoganachta, settled
in Cornwall.
AFFILIATION Soghan (client)
COUNTRY Ireland
AGE Iron
DATES BC 2nd c
SEE
ALSO Soghan
MAP
REF 235 - (E) unknown location
REMARKS The chieftains of the Ui Maine were
descendants
of Maine Mor. The Soghan was a client tribe of theirs.
COUNTRY Ireland
REGION Donegal / Tyrone
TERRITORY Ulster
LANDMARKS Greenan Mountain
CENTERS Grianan of Aileach / Tullyhoge Fort
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 4th c
MAP
REF 236 - (E) unmarked location
REMARKS The Ui Neill tribe, descendants of Niall
Noigiallach, was established at the end of
AD 4th century.
Their tribal center was in Donegal at
Grianan Ailigh
(Grianan of Aileach), the old Bronze Age
hillfort on
Greenan Mountain. Another center was at Tullyhoge Fort
southeast of Cookstown in county Tyrone,
Ulster. The Ui
Neill ruled Ireland from AD 4th century to
AD 1022.
CULTURE Belgae
AFFILIATION clan of the Galian
COUNTRY Ireland
TERRITORY Leinster
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 3rd c
LEADERS Fionn mac Cumhaill
SEE
ALSO Galian
MAP
REF 237 - (E) unknown location
REMARKS The Ui Tarsigh were a clan of the Galian
of
Ireland and were settled in Leinster. Fionn macCumhaill
was a son of this clan (on his mother's
side) and rose to
become the head chieftain of all the Fianna
of Ireland in
AD 3rd century.
CULTURE Germani
COUNTRY Germany
LANDMARKS Rhine / Lippe / Ruhr
AGE Iron
DATES BC 55
SEE
ALSO Menapii / Suebi / Sugambri /
Tencteri
MAP
REF 238 - (A) unmarked location
REMARKS The Usipetes and Tencteri tribes were
grain
farmers who were driven from their land by
the more
aggressive Suebi. The two tribes travelled along the right
bank of the Rhine until they came to the
territory of the
Menapii.
They confiscated Menapii boats and crossed to
Menapii territory on the other side of the
Rhine. The
Usipetes and the Tencteri then seized the
land and
buildings and lived on Menapii supplies
throughout the
following winter.
When spring came, the two tribes
returned across the
Rhine to the territory of their friends the
Sugambri. In
BC 55 Caesar and his Roman invaders saw a
chance to
interfere in local politics, and invaded the
Sugambri
territory.
ALTERNATIVE Vacceos
CULTURE Hallstatt / Ligurian / Iberian /
Celtiberian
AFFILIATION clan of the Arevaci / Lusitani confederation
COUNTRY Spain
REGION Burgos / Palencia / Valladolid / Zamora
LANDMARKS Douro
CENTERS Palencia / Zamora
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 4th-3rd c / BC 219-201 /
BC 29
LEADERS Viriato (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Arevaci / Cantabri / Lusitani /
Vettones
MAP
REF 239 - D
REMARKS The Vaccaei were highland cattle herders
and a
clan of the Arevaci. By BC 6th century they were settled
along both sides of the middle Duero river
to the north of
the Vettones. Here the Hallstatt Celts had mixed with the
local Ligurians. During BC 4th-3rd century, Iberian
farmers invaded their territory and were
assimilated into
their tribe.
The name of the tribe refers to cattle,
and the
territory contains numerous large stone
sculptures of
bulls, as well as boars and bears, such as
those in Burgos,
Segovia and Soria. These sculptures would have been carved
by the Arevaci, Vaccaei and/or the Vettones.
The Vaccaei contributed warriors to
fight the Romans
on the side of Hannibal in the second Punic
war of BC 219-
201.
The Cantabri to the north, who were in the habit of
raiding their territory, joined with them to
fight the
invading Romans in BC 29. The Vaccaei were a tribe of the
Lusitani confederation, fighting under
Viriato.
NAME Vacomagi
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Highlands
LANDMARKS Moray Firth
AGE Iron (Late)
DATES AD 2nd c
SEE
ALSO Caledonii / Taezali
MAP
REF 240 - B
REMARKS By AD 2nd century the Vacomagi were
settled in
the central Highlands south of Moray Firth,
between the
Caledonii and the Taezali tribes.
ALTERNATIVE Vangianes
CULTURE Germani / Belgae
AFFILIATION clan of the Suebi confederation
COUNTRY Germany
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Rhine
CENTERS Worms
AGE Iron
DATES BC 70 / BC 58
LEADERS Ariovistos (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Nemetes / Suebi / Triboci
MAP
REF 241 - C
REMARKS The Vangiones tribe crossed the Rhine
around BC
70 with the Nemetes and the Triboci tribes
and settled in
the area of present-day Worms (Barbetomagus)
along the left
bank of the Rhine.
The Vangiones were a clan of the Suebi
confederation
and help Ariovistos in his battle against
Caesar in BC 58.
They had a combined force of 6,000 horse
warriors and 6,000
foot-warriors. The two types of warrior fought together as
a team.
The foot-warrior kept up with the horse-warrior by
holding onto the horse's mane or tail while
running
alongside.
CULTURE Pictish / La Tène A / Belgae / La Tène
II
AFFILIATION clan of the Caleti
COUNTRY Germany / France
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Seine
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Vixen / Rouen
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c / BC 57 / BC 52 / BC 51-50
LEADERS Galba (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Baiocasses / Bellovaci / Caleti
/ Cassi /
Catuvellauni / Dii Casses / Meldi / Remi /
Suessiones / Tricasses /
Viducasses
MAP
REF 242 - C
REMARKS In BC 6th century, the
Brythonic-speaking
Veliocasses moved across the Rhine with the
Caleti,
Catuvellauni, Meldi, Remi and Suessiones
tribes, bringing
the La Tène A culture into Gaul. They intermingled with
the Hallstatt people who had occcupied the
area. The
Veliocasses settled on the right bank of the
Seine and
established centers at Vixen and Rodomagus
(Rouen).
The Veliocasses were a clan of the
Caleti and were
related to the Baiocasses, Cassi, Dii
Casses, Tricasses and
Viducasses tribes.
In BC 57 the Veliocasses, as La Tène II
Belgae, fought
the Romans under the Suessiones chieftain
Galba. During
the siege of Alesia in BC 52, the
Veliocasses supplied 3000
warriors to attack the rear of Caesar's
siege forces. They
also helped the Bellovaci in BC 51-50.
CULTURE Goidel / Gallic
AFFILIATION client of the Arverni
COUNTRY Germany / France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Allier / Velay Mtns / Cevennes
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Velay
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 12th-9th c / BC 52 / BC 49
SEE
ALSO Arverni
MAP
REF 243 - A/C
REMARKS The Vellavi tribe was of the Goidel
culture and
sometime between BC 12th-9th century they
left the Goidel
Homeland and migrated to southern France
where they settled
around the Allier river in the Velay Mtns of
the Cevennes
with a center at Velay.
In BC 52 during the siege of Alesia, the Vellavi
fought beside the Arverni when they attacked
the rear of
Caesar's forces. When Gaul came under Roman domination in
BC 49, the Vellavi were separated from the
Arverni.
ALTERNATIVE Unelli
CULTURE Early Hallstatt / Aremorican
AFFILIATION Abrincatui (client)
COUNTRY Germany / France
REGION Normandy
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
LANDMARKS Channel
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Le Petit Celland
AGE Iron
DATES BC 9th c / BC 57 / BC 56 / BC 52 /
LEADERS Viridovix
SEE
ALSO Abrincatui / Aulerci /
Eburovices / Lexovii
MAP
REF 244 - C
REMARKS The Venelli came to Gaul from Germany as
Early
Hallstatt Celts around 9th century. Their territory was in
Normandy with several fortresses including
one at Le Petit
Celland near Avranches. Sometime between BC 6th and 5th
century the Abrincatui tribe relocated from
Germany to
Aremorica and became their client.
In BC 57 Aremorica was invaded by the Romans and in BC
56 Caesar led a campaign against the
Venelli. The Romans
stationed troops in the Venelli territory
during the
campaign.
The Venelli chieftain Viridovix rebelled and
became the war leader of a force which
included the
Aulerci, Eburovices and the Lexovii
tribes. In BC 52 the
Venelli contributed warriors to attack the
rear of the
Roman siege army at Alesia. In BC 49 the Romans forced the
Venelli to dissolve the client relationship
with the
Abrincatui.
ALTERNATIVE Venedi / Venetian
CULTURE Illyrian / Hallstatt / La Tène I /
Aremorican
COUNTRY Italy / Germany / Poland / Austria /
France /
England
REGION Brittany / Dorset
TERRITORY Noricum / Upper Austria / Carinthia / Gaul
/
Aremorica / Venetia
LANDMARKS Baltic Sea / Oder / Vistula / Adriatic Sea
/
Gulf of Venice / Adige / Brenta /
Po / Euganean
Hills / Aulne / Vilaine / Bay of
Biscay / Gulf
of Morbihan
SITES Alise Ste Reine (Alesia)
CENTERS Este / Padua / Venice
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th c / BC 4th c / BC 3rd c / BC
225 / BC 186
/ BC 57 / BC 56 / BC 52 / AD 43
or 44
LEADERS Vercingetorix (war leader)
SEE ALSO Ambiliati / Boii / Carni / Cenomani /
Diablintes
/ Durotriges / Insubres / Lexovii
/ Menapii /
Morini / Namnetes / Osismii /
Rhaeti / Taurisci
MAP
REF 245 - A/C/B
REMARKS The Veneti were a Q-Illyrian speaking
people.
They had early trade connections from the
Oder and Vistula
rivers on the Baltic overland to the Po
river in Italy.
When the Early Hallstatt Insubres tribe
arrived in Italy
during BC 9th century, the Veneti were established
at
Ateste (Este) in the Euganean Hills. Similar pottery
appeared in all of these areas as well as in
Aremorica. The
Veneti also minted their own coins.
The Veneti, who were great seafarers,
may have had an
early connection with the Phoenician
culture. They had a
settlement on the Atlantic in Aremorica
between the Aulne
and Vilaine rivers on the Bay of
Biscay. They were
established in early times and dominated the
sea trade of
the Atlantic.
They had ocean-going ships built of oak
planks held by
nails thick as a man's thumb and caulked
with moss and
seaweed.
The ships had high walls with pointed upturned
bow and stern. They were flat-bottomed to allow access to
shallow waters and were powered by a large
dressed leather
sail.
The anchor was made of iron connected to a iron
chain as opposed to a rock on a rope which
the Romans used.
Caesar's description of their ships is
similar to the cog
which was used in the North Sea and the
Atlantic until
recent times.
In BC 4th century, warriors of the
Veneti, Rhaeti and
Istri tribes controlled the Alpine passes in
northeastern
Italy.
By BC 3rd century, the Veneti had lost domination
of their territory to the Taurisci in Upper
Austria,
Carinthia and Styria, an area later called
Noricum.
The Gallic invasion of Italy in the BC
4th century was
stopped by the Veneti and they absorbed the
La Tène culture
as they intermarried with the Celts. In BC 225 the Veneti
of Italy and the Celtic Cenomani tribe
fought for the
Romans against invading Celts who had been
invited into
Italy from across the Alps by the Boii. In BC 186 the
Celtic Carni tribe moved across the Alps
from the Veneti
territory in Noricum to the Veneti territory
in Italy.
In BC 57 the tribes of Aremorica were
invaded by the
Romans.
The Veneti of Gaul led the resistance and in BC 56
enlisted the help of the Ambiliati,
Diablintes, Lexovii,
Menapii, Morini, Namnetes and Osismii
tribes. In BC 56,
the Romans defeated the Veneti's fleet in
the Gulf of
Morbihan near Vannes. The fleet was becalmed when it
entered the bay, and the Romans in their
smaller oar-
powered boats used hooks on poles to cut the
rigging of the
Veneti ships and then set fire to them using
fire pots. The
Veneti who survived the battle were sold
into slavery and
their children were mutilated by the Romans.
The Veneti contributed warriors to
attack the rear of
Caesar's army as it besieged Vercingetorix
at Alesia in BC
52.
Some Veneti escaped to England, where they were
associated with the Durotriges tribe who had
the fortresses
of Hengistbury and Mai Dun (Maiden
Castle). In AD 43 or 44
the Romans attacked the fortress of Maiden
Castle and
slaughtered all men, women and children.
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Tayside
LANDMARKS Tay / Dee / North Sea
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 2nd c
MAP
REF 246 - B
REMARKS By AD 2nd century the Venicones were
settled in
Tayside between the Tay and Dee rivers along
the North Sea
coast.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt / Gallic
COUNTRY Switzerland
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Alps / Drance / Rhône
CENTERS Martigny
AGE Iron
DATES BC 9th-6th c / BC 56
SEE
ALSO Seduni
MAP
REF 247 - C
REMARKS The Veragri tribe settled between the
upper
Rhône and the Drance rivers sometime between
BC 9th-6th
century.
The tribe established a center at the confluence
of the two rivers at the site of modern-day
Martigny. They
buried their dead in tumuli.
Their territory was situated on the
route which leads
through the St Bernard pass from Italy. In BC 56 the
Romans, realizing the strategic value of the
site, marched
into their village and took over the homes
of the
inhabitants. The Seduni joined forces with the Veragri and
attacked the village which the Romans had
meanwhile
fortified.
The battle was fierce and the Celts lost many
warriors, but they succeeded in driving the
Romans out of
their territory.
CULTURE Gallic / Ligurian
AFFILIATION clan of the Vocontii
COUNTRY France / Italy
TERRITORY Gaul / Novara
LANDMARKS Agogna / Ticino
AGE Iron
DATES BC 396
SEE
ALSO Insubres / Libici / Vocontii
MAP
REF 248 - C
REMARKS Warriors of the Vertamocori, a clan of
the
Vocontii, migrated from Gaul to Italy in BC
396 where they
settled by the Agogna and Ticino rivers
between the
Insubres and the Libici tribes. The Vertamocori
intermarried with the native Ligurians of
the area.
CULTURE Pictish
COUNTRY Scotland
REGION Tayside
LANDMARKS Earn / Tay
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 2nd c
MAP
REF 249 - B
REMARKS In AD 2nd century the Verturiones were
located
between the Earn and Tay rivers around
present-day Perth.
ALTERNATIVE Vectones / Vettons
CULTURE Urnfield-Hallstatt / Iberian / Celtiberian
AFFILIATION Lusitani confederation
COUNTRY Spain / Portugal
REGION Castilla e Leon
TERRITORY Vettonia
LANDMARKS Douro / Tagus / Serra de Gata / Serra de
Gredos
CENTER Salamanca
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 9th c / BC 6th c / BC 3rd c / BC
219-201 /
BC 150
LEADERS Viriato (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Arevaci / Lusitani / Vaccaei
MAP
REF 250 - D
REMARKS The Vettones were cattle herders who
migrated
into the area during BC 9th century and
intermingled with
the indigenous Ligurians. At one time they occupied a
large territory between the Douro and Tagus
rivers
including the Serra de Mogadouro and Serra de Lapa in
Portugal and the Serra de Gata and Serra de
Gredos in
Spain, with centers at Salamanca (Salmantica) and Zamora.
They and/or the Arevaci and Vaccaei tribes
were responsible
for the numerous large stone sculptures of
bulls, boars and
bears that have been found in the territory
such as those
in Burgos, Segovia and Soria.
During BC 6th century, the incoming
Hallstatt tribe of
the Vaccaei forced them into a smaller area
at the southern
part of their territory. In BC 3rd century, invading
Iberian farmers were assimilated into the
tribe.
During the second Punic war of BC
219-201, the
Vettones contributed warriors to help
Hannibal fight the
Romans.
During the Roman invasion, the Vettones became a
tribe of the Lusitani confederation,
fighting against the
invaders until the death of Viriato, then
submitting to
Rome in BC 150.
CULTURE Pictish / La Tène A / Aremorican
AFFILIATION client of the Lexovii
COUNTRY Germany / France
REGION Normandy
TERRITORY Gaul / Aremorica
LANDMARKS Orne
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c
SEE ALSO Baiocasses / Cassi / Dii Casses / Lexovii
/
Tricasses / Veliocasses
MAP
REF 251 - C
REMARKS The Viducasses were Brythonic-speaking
Picts
related to the Baiocasses, Cassi, Dii
Casses, Tricasses and
Veliocasses tribes who left their homeland
in Germany
around BC 6th century.
The Viducasses settled in France on the
Orne river in
the territory of the Lexovii and became
their client.
During Roman times they became separated
from their hosts.
CULTURE La Tène
COUNTRY Germany
REGION Bavaria / Ingolstadt
LANDMARKS Danube
CENTERS Manching
AGE Iron (Late)
DATES AD 15
MAP
REF 252 - A
REMARKS The Vindelici tribe had an industrial
settlement
at Manching which covered an area of almost
1000 acres. One
of the boundaries was a tributary of the
Danube which
guaranteed an ample water supply and aided
in transport of
goods and materials. The tribe minted coins and mass-
produced a variety of objects of iron,
bronze, gold, glass,
clay, leather, etc. The site was destroyed in AD 15 by the
Romans who were fearful of its production
potential.
ALTERNATIVE Veromandi
CULTURE Belgae
COUNTRY Belgium / France
TERRITORY Gaul / Belgica
LANDMARKS Somme / Scheldt / Dyle / Sambre / Oise
AGE Iron
DATES BC 57
LEADERS Galba (war leader) / Boduognatus (war
leader)
SEE
ALSO Atrebates / Nervii / Suessiones
MAP
REF 253 - C
REMARKS The territory of the Viromandui was in
Belgium
and France, east of the Atrebates tribe and
south of the
Nervii, around the headwaters of the Somme,
Scheldt, Dyle,
Sambre and Oise rivers.
In BC 57 the Viromandui contributed
warriors to fight
the Romans first under Galba, the Suessiones
head
chieftain, and then under the Nervii
chieftain Boduognatus.
ALTERNATIVE Bituriges Vivisci
CULTURE La Tène I / Gallic
AFFILIATION clan of the Bituriges
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Garonne / Dordogne
CENTERS Bordeaux
AGE Iron
DATES BC 4th c
SEE
ALSO Bituriges
MAP
REF 254 - C
REMARKS The Bituriges Vivisci were a clan of the
Bituriges who were of the old Goidel
culture. In BC 4th
century, the Bituriges Vivisci were settled
around the
confluence of the Garonne and Dordogne
rivers near present-
day Bordeaux.
After the Romans conquered Gaul, the
Vivisci were
separated from the Bituriges and became an
independent
tribe.
CULTURE Aquitani
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul / Aquitanica
AGE Iron
DATES BC 56
SEE
ALSO Sontiati
MAP
REF 255 - (C) unknown location
REMARKS The Vocates contributed warriors to
fight the
invading Romans during the summer of BC 56
after the
Sontiati had been defeated.
EPITHET The 20 Clans
CULTURE Tumulus / Gallic
AFFILIATION Vertamocori (clan)
COUNTRY France
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Alps / Durance
SITES Mont Ventoux
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 12th c
DEITIES Andrasta / Bormana / Nabelcus
SEE
ALSO Iceni / Vertamocori
MAP
REF 256 - C
REMARKS By BC 12th century the Vocontii were
settled
around the Durance river in the Alps. They buried their
dead in tumuli and venerated the war goddess
Andrasta and
the god Nabelcus at Mont Ventoux. The goddess Andrasta was
venerated by the Iceni tribe in Britain and
may show a
common Tumulus-Urnfield (Pictish)
connection.
ALTERNATIVE Volsci
CULTURE Unetice-Tumulus / Early Hallstatt
AFFILIATION Carpi, Latobrigi, Rhacatae, Volcae Arcomici
and
Volcae Tectosages (clans)
COUNTRY Czech / Germany
REGION Bohemia / Bavaria
AGE Bronze / Iron
DATES BC 12-9th c / BC 7th c / BC 5th c / BC
113
SEE ALSO Boii / Carpi / Cimbri / Latobrigi /
Rhacatae /
Volcae Arcomici / Volcae
Tectosages
MAP
REF 257 - A
REMARKS The Volcae were a gold-rich
Unetice-Tumulus
people and in BC 12-9th century their
territory was in
Bavaria-Bohemia on the Celtic border with
the Italic
culture.
In BC 7th century the territory of the
Volcae was
invaded by Boii who settled beside
them. Around BC 5th
century, the Volcae sent out swarms from
their homeland in
search of new territory. The Volcae Arcomici and the
Volcae Tectosages were two of these
clans. They travelled
to southern France with other tribes and
settled in
southern Gaul east of Aquitanica.
In BC 113 the Volcae were invaded by
the Cimbri but
repelled them. The Carpi and the Rhacatae were other clans
of the Volcae who established new territories.
ALTERNATIVE Arecomici / Arecomii / Aricomii
CULTURE Late Hallstatt / Gallic
AFFILIATION clan of the Volcae
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / France
REGION Bohemia / Bavaria
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Mediterranean / Pyrenees / Rhône
CENTERS Nages / Narbonne (Narbo)
AGE Iron
DATES BC 5th c / BC 218 / BC 52
SEE
ALSO Cadurci / Caturiges / Cenomani
/ Centrones /
Medulli / Ruteni / Volcae /
Volcae Tectosages
MAP
REF 258 - A/C
REMARKS In BC 5th century the Volcae Arcomici
left their
Celtic homeland in Bavaria-Bohemia and
travelled with their
allies the Caturiges, Cenomani, Centrones,
Medulli and
Volcae Tectosages to France.
The Volcae Arcomici settled in southern
France between
the Volcae Tectosages and the Mediterranean,
from the
Pyrenees to the Rhône. Their oppidum at Nages, west of the
present-day city of Nîmes, was riddled with
tunnels that
connected the different buildings. They also had a center
at Narbo (Narbonne). They were a gold-rich people and
quantities of gold have been found at sites
within their
territory.
In BC 218, the tribe made a treaty with
Hannibal
allowing his troops to pass through their
territory. High-
ranking women of the tribe
(druids/chieftains/warriors)
were involved in the negotiations.
In BC 52, the Volcae Armorici territory
was attacked
by the Cadurci and Ruteni to keep them from
supplying the
Romans with food.
ALTERNATIVE Belcae and Belgas Tectosagi / Volcae
CULTURE Late Hallstatt / Gallic
AFFILIATION clan of the Volcae / Tectosages (clan)
COUNTRY Czech / Germany / France
REGION Bohemia / Bavaria
TERRITORY Gaul
LANDMARKS Garonne / Pyrenees / Cevennes
CENTERS Carcassonne
AGE Iron
DATES BC 5th c / BC 3rd c / BC 218 / BC 120
/ BC 107
LEADERS Brennus (war leader)
SEE
ALSO Caturiges / Cenomani /
Centrones / Medulli /
Nitiobriges / Tectosages / Tigurini / Volcae /
Volcae Arcomici
MAP REF 259 - A/C
REMARKS In BC 5th century, the Volcae Tectosages
left
their Celtic homeland in Bavaria-Bohemia and
travelled to
France with their allies the Caturiges,
Cenomani,
Centrones, Medulli and Volcae Arcomici.
The Volcae Tectosages settled an area
bounded by the
Pyrenees and Cevennes Mountains and around
the Garonne,
with the Volcae Arcomici tribe on the
Mediterranean. They
had a center at Carcaso (Carcassonne). Their territory
also included tribes of Ligurians and
Iberians. The Volcae
Tectosages were gold-rich, and large
quantities of gold
have been found at a number of sites in
their territory.
In BC 3rd century, warriors of the
Volcae Tectosages
from the homeland followed Brennus as a war
leader to the
Baltic Peninsula. After the raid on the temple of Delphi,
some of them travelled to the home of the
Volcae Tectosages
in Gaul with much of the wealth of the Greek
temple.
In BC 218, the Volcae Tectosages and
Hannibal signed a
treaty allowing him to pass through their
territory. High-
ranking women of the tribe
(druids/chieftains/warriors)
were involved in the negotiations.
By BC 120, the Romans had conquered a
corridor through
their territory, linking Italy to Spain with
a garrison
stationed at Tolosa. In BC 107 the Volcae Tectosages
rebelled and were laying siege to the
garrison when the
Tigurini arrived and joined forces with
them. The Tigurini
tricked the Romans into thinking they were
afraid of them
by fleeing down the Garonne. When the Romans followed them
into the territory of the Nitiobriges, the
Romans were set
upon and destroyed, near present-day Agen.
EPITHET Stronghold of the Vote
ALTERNATIVE Gododdin = Guotodin = Votadini "Din of
Vota" /
Lothi / Otadinoi
CULTURE La Tène A / Briton
COUNTRY Scotland / England
REGION Lothian / Borders / Northumberland
TERRITORY Lloegr
LANDMARKS Cheviot Hills / Forth
SITES Ard Thor
CENTERS Edinburgh / Haddington
AGE Iron (late)
DATES AD 2nd c
MAP
REF 260 - B
REMARKS The Votadini were a Brythonic-speaking
tribe of
La Tène A Britons. Their tribal territory spread south
from the Forth to the Cheviot Hills. They had three
hillforts in present-day Edinburgh including
Traprain Law,
and a sacred site at Ard Thor (Height of
Thor). Another
center was at Haddington. Ptolemy noted that they were in
this area in AD 2nd century.
CULTURE Galatian
AFFILIATION clan of the Tolistoboii
COUNTRY Turkey
TERRITORY Galatia
AGE Iron
DATES BC 3rd c
SEE
ALSO Tolistoboii
MAP
REF 261 - A
REMARKS In BC 3rd century, Gallic tribes that
remained
in the area of present-day Turkey formed
into 3 tribes with
four clans in each. The Voturi were one of the clans of
the Tolistoboii tribe.
CULTURE Early Hallstatt
COUNTRY Portugal
REGION Tras-os-Montes
LANDMARKS Douro / Sabor
CENTERS Mogadouro
AGE Iron
DATES BC 6th c
MAP
REF 262 - D
REMARKS The Zoelae were a tribe of the invading
Hallstatt culture and settled in
Tras-os-Montes between the
Douro and Sabor rivers. The Zoelae had a center at
Mogadouro.