The Celtic Encyclopedia

 

By Harry Mountain

 

 

Section I

 

 

Chapters 1 to 4

 

 

Dates/Cultures/Tribes/Social Structure

 

 

 

 

 

 

BC 15th century - The Gaelic-speaking Goidel (Milesian)

invaded Ireland from Spain and defeated the Danann at the

battle of Taillcenn.

 

BC 15th century - Warriors of the Pictish culture sailed from

Thrace to Wexford Bay in Ireland.

 

BC 15th century - The Pictish chieftain Cruithnechan led his

followers from Ireland to Scotland.

 

BC 15th-12th century - Warriors of the Tumulus-Urnfield

cultures raided into the Near East and were sometimes

referred to as the Sea People by the Egyptians.

 

BC 15th-13th century - Warriors of the Tumulus-Urnfield

cultures travelled from Turkey across Europe where they

settled mainly in Germany, Switzerland and France.

 

BC 1470 - The Mycenaean island of Thera (Santorini) blew up

in a volcanic explosion that caused massive tidal waves in

the Aegean.  Ash from the eruption has been found as far

away as Greenland.

 

BC 1450 - The Mycenaeans captured Crete and destroyed the

royal residences of Knossos.

 

BC 1400 - The Assyrian city of Ashshur (Kalat Sherghat) was

built on the west bank of the Tigres river at the confluenc

with the Zab in Iraq.  The site was an old frontier post of

the Akkadian Empire.

 

BC 1400 - The Babylonians became subject to the more

aggressive Assyrian Empire.

 

BC 1400 - Glass was being mass-produced in Iraq and Egypt.

 

BC 1400 - A phonetic alphabet developed by the Canaanites was

widely used in the area of present-day Syria, Lebanon and

Israel. The Phoenicians were using a cuneiform version of

this alphabet.

 

BC 1400 - The bronze-producing industrial site of El Argar

began to decline.

 

BC 1400-1000 - The middle Bronze Age in Britain was

characterized by axes (palstaves), rapiers, leaf-shaped

spearheads, settlements with palisades, crannogs, hill-

forts, and "Celtic fields".

 

BC 14th century - A tomb of the Atridae was constructed at

Mycenae.

 

BC 1318 - The second Suez canal was cut in the time of Seti I

and was utilized until AD 770.

 

BC 1300 - The glaciers begin to expand, lowering the water

levels in the oceans.  A shortage of rainfall caused lakes,

springs and rivers to dry up.

 

BC 1300 - Summer heat waves began to reach catastrophic

proportions, igniting forests which destroyed wildlife and

burned human habitations.

 

BC 1300 - The Assyrians established a library in their

capital city of Calah in present-day northern Iraq.  The

books were clay tablets engraved with a cuneiform script of

the Semitic language.

 

BC 1300-800 - The Bronze Age Urnfield culture influenced most

of Europe with its burial practices.

 

BC 13th century - Hittite artisans executed a carving

depicting bagpipes.

 

BC 13th century - Warriors of the Pictish culture established

themselves in England.

 

BC 13th century - Earthquakes disrupted the settlements along

the coast at the eastern end of the Mediterranean. Volcanic

eruptions occurred as far apart as Iceland, Sicily and the

Sinai, causing great tidal waves.

 

BC 13th century - The dramatic climatic change throughout the

century brought cooler temperatures and severe droughts.

The great rivers of Europe and North Africa began to shrink

and the savannah of Libya became a desert.

 

 

 

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